1. Hygroscopic

2. Capillary:water moving due to pressure

3.Gravitational: water forced to sink

• groundwater stored in the pore spaces between grains in sedimentary materials, or in joints and fractures in rocks such as igneous and metamorphic rocks

• capillary water
  

• Interconnectedness of pores

• The reorganization of weathering material by percolating water and addition of organic activity
• Zone of interaction between underlying rock and overlying atmosphere

1. air
2. minerals
3. organic matter
4. water

O: Organic matter, on surface both fresh and decaying.

A: Mineral horizon that contains org. matter, dark in color

B: mineral horizon of illuviation, where minerals removed from above have collected

K: VERY hard mineral of caliche (only present in arid zones)

C: Unconcolidated material, beyond reach of plant roots regolith

R: unconsolidated bedrock

• poor nutrients

• deep red

• ash grey sillica

1. aid in water entraptment/dispersement
2. hook loose soils together
3. fix atmospheric nitrogen in soil

1. Oxisol: deep red, low in OM
2. Aridisol: arid soil moisture regime
3. Spodosol: cool, humid & acidic environments

1. Inner Core
2. Outter Core
3. Mantle
4. Crust

1. Divergence (sea floor spreading)
2. Convergence (and subduction
3. Transform (side by side)

1. Divergence: Sea floor spreading, happens along mid ocean ridges, continental rifting
2. Convergence (and subduction): Creation of mountains and volcanoes
3. Transform: San Andreas Fault, California moving down/up

• O- Oxygen 47%
• Si- Silicon 28%

• Felsic: lighter minerals with more Si (silicon); dominates in continental crust (SIAL)
• Mafic: dark minerals with Mg (magnesium) and Fe (iron); dominates in ocean crust (SIMA)

1. Igneous
2. Sedimentary
3. Metamorphic

• Rocks that formed from the cooling and crystallization of magma
• Extrusive: cooled at E's surface
• Intrusive: cooled under E's surface
  

• form from the accumulation of sediment in layers called strata
• Clastic: broken fragments of pre-existing rocks 
  • Chemical: sediments which precipitate from solution (e.g. salt)
  • Biologic: sediment produced by biologic activity (e.g. peat)

• rocks which have "changed" their overall form ("category") from heat, pressure, alteration by fluids, or other means

• Foliated: minerals show a preferred orientation or alignment

  Non-foliated: minerals not showing alignment

1. Shield Volcano
2. Cinder Cone Volcano
3. Just basalt lava flows

• Lava flows have a low angle because flows are fluid, you can see and hear gas escaping

• Least dangerous volcano, because low viscosity (fluid flow) means trapped gas escapes

• Pyroclastics also called tephra (pieces of rock) are blown out

• Explosive
  

• Pahoehoe: "ropy" texture

• A'a: in the making

• lava tubes
  

Faulting: Breaking rocks

3 types

1. Compression-Thrust faulting
2. Extention-normal faulting, horsts and grabens
3. Side-by-side-Transform

Folding

2 Types

Bending Rocks

• Anticlines and sinclines

1. right lateral
2. left lateral

breaking down of rock in situ (in place); the decay of rock (rock decaying).

• transport of weathered material
• movement of rocks
  

1. continent and ocean
2. ocean and ocean
3. continent and continent

Classifications of sedimentary rocks

(3)

1. Clastic: distinguished by size, lrg vs small particles
2. Chemical
3. Biological

• uses joints to crack/shatter rocks
• this makes chemical weathering easier bc of higher surface area

Chemical Weathering

What is it?

5 types?

• chemical alteration/decomposition of rocks and minerals

1. dissolution: mineral disolved by water
2. hydrolysis: production of clay materials
3. Hydration/Dehydration
4. Oxidation:'rust'
5. Cleation and biological organic acids: organisms living on rocks

• angular shaped material

• sediment transported along the bed of a river by sliding and rolling(traction) or hopping(saltation)

1. Perennial: Flows year round
2. Intermittent: Flows during wet season
3. Ephemeral: Flows when it rains

1. Meander amplitude(wiggling): increases deposition and erosion creating ox bow lakes
2. Small floods build a levee:
3. Big Floods Break Levees:
4. Cut-offs: occur when sream gets out of its banks
   

• the maximum size particle the stream is able to transport

• The maximum amount of material a stream is able to transport
• Dependent of volume and velocity

1. Laminar=------
2. Turbulent= /\/\/\/\/\/

How do high velocity streams erode E's surface?

(5)

1. Corrasion: abrasion by the grinding of debris
2. Corrosion: erosion by dissolving
3. Hydraulicking: lifting and removal of loose material by force or impact of water
4. Cavitation: Chipping of the rock by implossion of tiny bubbles
5. Ballistic Impact: Chipping by impact of giant rocks

A stream that has regulated its various parameters to obtain most efficient flow

(equilibrium)

5 Alpine Glacial Landforms

C

T

H

F

HV

1. Cirques: amphitheater form
2. Tarns: lake that forms in a bedrock depression as ice retreats
3. Horns: Pyramid forms created by cirque erosion on both sides
4. Fijord: Glacial troughs filled in by sea level
5. Hanging Valleys: Glaciers meet at the highest elevation, allowing their valley bottoms to be different

1. Subtropical High:Air decends in both hemispheres
2. Cold water off Western Coasts
3. Rainshadow effect: leeward wind acending from mountains causes climate change
4. Air not offshore breeze, ocean air travels N &S (never inland)
5. Continentality: far from water source, low moisture contact

• Marine eological realm that extends from the high water mark
• Shorelines that are permenately submerged

1. Depositional: Jettys and Groins
2. Biological Land/Sea forms: Coral Reefs
3. Erosional: most from storms, sea cliffs and cuts

1. Tides: gravitational pull of moon
2. Waves: classified by how they break on shore
3. Currents