Term
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Definition
| the process of creating meaning in informal conversation, group interaction, or public speaking. |
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Term
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Definition
| the impression that communicative behavior is both appropriate and effective in a given situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| messages put together with careful thought when we recognize that our known scripts are inadequate for the situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| the settings in which communication occurs, including what precedes and follows what is said. |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which one participant is perceived to be more dominant or powerful. |
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Term
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Definition
| a perception of a speaker’s knowledge, trustworthiness, and warmth. |
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Term
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Definition
| systems of knowledge shared by a relatively large group of people. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of interpreting another’s message. |
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Term
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Definition
| electronic correspondence conducted between two or more users on a network where the communication does not occur in real time. |
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Term
| electronically mediated communication settings |
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Definition
| involves participants who do not share a physical context but communicate through the use of technology. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of putting our thoughts and feelings into words and nonverbal cues. |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of moral principles that may be held by a society, a group, or an individual. |
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Term
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Definition
| achieving the right balance of interests without regard to one’s own feelings and without showing favor to any side in a conflict. |
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Term
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Definition
| The degree of liking or attractiveness in a relationship. |
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Term
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Definition
| communication through maintaining a list of people that you can interact with in real time when they are online. |
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Term
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Definition
| maintaining a consistency of belief and action (keeping promises). |
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Term
| interpersonal communication settings |
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Definition
| interactions among a small number of people who have relationships with each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| electronic mailing lists through the use of e-mail that allow for widespread distribution of information to many Internet users, so online discussions can occur in a delayed time format. |
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Term
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Definition
| thoughts in our minds and interpretations of others’ messages. |
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Term
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Definition
| verbal utterances and nonverbal behaviors to which meaning is attributed during communication. |
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Term
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Definition
| a choice involving an unsatisfactory alternative. |
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Term
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Definition
| interaction among a group of people in real time to play common board games or fantasy role-playing games. |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals who assume the roles of senders and receivers during an interaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| where a communication takes place, the environmental conditions (temperature, lighting, noise level), the distance between communicators, seating arrangements, and time of day. |
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Term
| problem-solving group settings |
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Definition
| participants come together for the specific purpose of solving a problem or arriving at a decision. |
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Term
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Definition
| one participant, the speaker, delivers a prepared message to a group or audience who has assembled to hear the speaker. |
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Term
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Definition
| showing regard or consideration for others and their ideas, even if we don’t agree with them. |
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Term
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Definition
| being accountable for one’s actions and what one says. |
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Term
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Definition
| phrasings learned from past encounters that we judge to be appropriate to the present situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| goal-oriented actions or action sequences that we can master and repeat in appropriate situations. |
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Term
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Definition
| the nature of the relationship that exists between the participants. |
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Term
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Definition
| communicating without anxiety or nervousness. |
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Term
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Definition
| spoken without much conscious thought. |
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Term
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Definition
| words, sounds, and actions that are generally understood to represent meaning. |
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Term
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Definition
| short, written messages between mobile phones and other handheld electronic devices, exchanged in real time or stored for later retrieval. |
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Term
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Definition
| refraining from lying, cheating, stealing, or deception. |
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Term
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Definition
| online journals housed on a website. |
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Term
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Definition
| reasons we give for others’ behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| a negative action toward a social group or its members on account of group membership. |
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Term
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Definition
| to generalize and perceive that a person has a whole set of characteristics when you have actually observed only one characteristic, trait, or behavior. |
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Term
| implicit personality theories |
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Definition
| assumptions people have developed about which physical characteristics and personality traits or behaviors are associated with another. |
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Term
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Definition
| the gap between our inaccurate self-perceptions and reality. |
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Term
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Definition
| assigning meaning to information. |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of characteristics used to differentiate some things from others. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of selectively attending to information and assigning meaning to it. |
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Term
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Definition
| a message that reflects your understanding of the meaning of another person’s nonverbal behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| a rigid attitude that is based on group membership and predisposes an individual to feel, think, or act in a negative way toward another person or group. |
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Term
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Definition
| a pattern of learned behaviors that people use to meet the perceived demands of a particular context. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| your overall evaluation of your competence and personal worthiness. |
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Term
| self-fulfilling prophecies |
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Definition
| events that happen as the result of being foretold, expected, or talked about. |
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Term
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Definition
| the internal process of observing and regulating your own behavior based on your analysis of the situation and others’ responses to you. |
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Term
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Definition
| the internal conversations we have with ourselves. |
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Term
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Definition
| attributions that cover up individual differences and ascribe certain characteristics to an entire group of people. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of monitoring the social environment to learn more about self and others. |
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Term
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Definition
| words that narrow a larger category. |
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Term
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Definition
| words that appeal to the senses and help us see, hear, smell, taste, or touch. |
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Term
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Definition
| the feelings or evaluations we associate with a word. |
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Term
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Definition
| the direct, explicit meaning a speech community formally gives a word. |
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Term
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Definition
| the weight or importance given to certain words or ideas. |
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Term
| emphasis dating information |
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Definition
| specifying the time or time period that a fact was true or known to be true. |
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Term
| feminine styles of language |
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Definition
| use words of empathy and support, emphasize concrete and personal language, and show politeness and tentativeness in speaking. |
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Term
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Definition
| using words that may apply only to one sex, race, or other group as though they represent everyone. |
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Term
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Definition
| cultures in which messages are indirect, general, and ambiguous. |
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Term
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Definition
| the mental and verbal practice of acknowledging the presence of individual differences when voicing generalizations. |
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Term
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Definition
| technical terms understood only by select groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| a body of symbols (most commonly words) and the systems for their use in messages that are common to the people of the same speech community. |
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Term
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Definition
| cultures in which messages are direct, specific, and detailed. |
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Term
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Definition
| the addition of sex, race, age, or other designations to a description. |
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Term
| masculine styles of language |
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Definition
| use words of status and problem solving, emphasize abstract and general language, and show assertiveness and control in speaking. |
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Term
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Definition
| a comparison that establishes a figurative identity between objects being compared. |
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Term
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Definition
| terms are changed because of the sex, race, or other characteristic of the individual. |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory claiming that language influences perception. |
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Term
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Definition
| a direct comparison of dissimilar things. |
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Term
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Definition
| informal vocabulary used by particular groups in society. |
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Term
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Definition
| choosing language and symbols that are adapted to the needs, interests, knowledge, and attitudes of the listeners and avoiding language that alienates them. |
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Term
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Definition
| words that clarify meaning by narrowing what is understood from a general category to a particular item or group within that category. |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of people who speak the same language (also called a language community). |
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Term
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Definition
| the position of a word in a sentence and the other words around it. |
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Term
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Definition
| wording that is full of life, vigorous, bright, and intense. |
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Term
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Definition
| symbols used by a speech community to represent objects, ideas, and feelings. |
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Term
|
Definition
| gestures that respond to a physical need. |
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Term
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Definition
| objects and possessions we use to decorate the physical space we control. |
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Term
|
Definition
| posture in relation to another person. |
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Term
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Definition
| the interpretation of a person’s use of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| lean and little muscle development. |
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Term
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Definition
| gestures can substitute for words. |
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Term
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Definition
| typed symbols that convey emotional aspects of an online message. |
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Term
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Definition
| round and heavy body type. |
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Term
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Definition
| how and how much we look at people with whom we are communicating. |
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Term
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Definition
| the arrangement of facial muscles to communicate emotional states or reactions to messages. |
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Term
|
Definition
| movements of our hands, arms, and fingers that we use to describe or to emphasize. |
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Term
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Definition
| the interpretation of touch. |
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Term
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Definition
| gestures that augment a verbal message. |
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Term
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Definition
| the variety, melody, or inflection in one’s voice. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the interpretation of body motions used in communication. |
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Term
|
Definition
| muscular and athletic body type. |
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Term
| monochronic time orientation |
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Definition
| a time orientation that emphasizes doing one thing at a time. |
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Term
| nonverbal communication behaviors |
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Definition
| bodily actions and vocal qualities that typically accompany a verbal message. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the voiced but not verbal part of a spoken message. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the distance you try to maintain when you interact with other people. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the physical environment over which you exert control. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the highness or lowness of vocal tone. |
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Term
| polychronic time orientation |
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Definition
| a time orientation that emphasizes doing multiple things at once. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the position and movement of the body. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the interpretation of a person’s use of space. |
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Term
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Definition
| the sound of a person’s voice. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the speed at which a person speaks. |
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Term
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Definition
| the interpretation of the message based on the paralinguistic features. |
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Term
|
Definition
| extraneous sounds or words that interrupt fluent speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| the loudness or softness of tone. |
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Term
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Definition
| a display of genuine and unselfish concern for the welfare of others. |
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Term
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Definition
| groups of people living within a dominant culture but exhibiting communication that is sufficiently different to distinguish them from the dominant culture. |
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Term
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Definition
| emphasizes community, collaboration, shared interest, harmony, the public good, and avoiding embarrassment. |
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Term
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Definition
| the psychological discomfort of adjusting to a new cultural situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| the attitudes, values, beliefs, and customs that the majority of people in a society hold in common. |
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Term
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Definition
| a selfish interest in one’s own needs, to the exclusion of everything else. |
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Term
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Definition
| a classification of people based on combinations of shared characteristics such as nationality, geographic origin, language, religion, ancestral customs, and tradition. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the belief that one’s own culture is superior to others. |
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Term
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Definition
| a culture in which people, regardless of sex, are expected to assume a variety of roles based on the circumstances and their own choices. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the ability to adjust your communication to fit the other person and the situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| the cultural belief that inequalities in power, status, and rank are “natural” and that these differences should be acknowledged and accentuated. |
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Term
| high uncertainty avoidance cultures |
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Definition
| cultures characterized by a low tolerance for, and a high need to control, unpredictable people, relationships, or events. |
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Term
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Definition
| emphasizes personal rights and responsibilities, privacy, voicing one’s opinion, freedom, innovation, and self-expression. |
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Term
| intercultural communication |
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Definition
| interaction between people whose cultural assumptions are distinct enough to alter the communication event. |
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Term
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Definition
| imaginatively placing yourself in the dissimilar other person’s cultural world to attempt to experience what he or she is experiencing. |
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Term
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Definition
| the cultural belief that inequalities in power, status, and rank should be underplayed and muted. |
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Term
| low uncertainty avoidance cultures |
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Definition
| cultures characterized by greater acceptance of, and less need to control, unpredictable people, relationships, or events. |
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Term
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Definition
| a culture in which people are expected to adhere to traditional sex roles. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a system of beliefs shared by a group with objects for devotion, rituals for worship, and a code of ethics. |
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Term
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Definition
| an indicator of a person’s position in a social hierarchy, as determined by income, education, occupation, and social habits. |
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Term
|
Definition
| people we know by name and talk with when the opportunity arises, but with whom our interactions are largely impersonal. |
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Term
| close friends or intimates |
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Definition
| people with whom we share a high degree of commitment, trust, interdependence, and disclosure, and enjoyment. |
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Term
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Definition
| verbal and physical responses to people (and/or their messages) within the relationship. |
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Term
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Definition
| people with whom we have negotiated more personal relationships that are voluntary. |
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Term
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Definition
| ones in which the interactions are satisfying to and healthy for those involved. |
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Term
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Definition
| a tool for examining the relationship between disclosure and feedback in the relationship. |
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Term
| maintaining a relationship |
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Definition
| behaving and communicating in ways that preserve a particular level of closeness intimacy in a relationship. |
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Term
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Definition
| an intimate relationship in which the partners are not sexually attracted to each other or do not act on an attraction they feel. |
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Term
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Definition
| sets of expectations two people have for their behavior based on the pattern of interaction between them. |
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Term
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Definition
| an intimate relationship in which the partners act on their sexual attraction. |
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Term
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Definition
| sharing biographical data, personal ideas, and feelings that are unknown to the other person. |
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Term
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Definition
| placing confidence in another in a way that almost always involves some risk. |
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Term
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Definition
| the perceptual process of selecting and focusing on specific stimuli from the countless stimuli reaching the senses. |
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Term
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Definition
| cushioning the effect of messages by utilizing both positive and negative politeness skills. |
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Term
| clarify supportive intentions |
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Definition
| openly stating that your goal in the conversation is to help your partner. |
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Term
|
Definition
| to help people feel better about themselves and their behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| one that focuses on the denotative meaning of the message. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process of evaluating what you have heard to determine its truthfulness. |
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Term
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Definition
| experiencing an emotional response parallel to, and as a result observing, another person’s actual or anticipated display of emotion. |
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Term
|
Definition
| intellectually identifying with or vicariously experiencing the feelings or attitudes of another. |
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Term
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Definition
| statements whose accuracy can be verified or proven. |
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Term
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Definition
| a response that captures the emotions attached to the content of the message. |
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Term
|
Definition
| presenting relevant suggestions and proposals that a person can use to satisfactorily resolve a situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| statements made by the speaker that are based on facts or observations. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken and/or nonverbal messages. |
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Term
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Definition
| any artificial technique used as a memory aid. |
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Term
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Definition
| the desire to be free from imposition or intrusion. |
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Term
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Definition
| statements that encourage our partners to talk about and elaborate on what happened and how they feel about it. |
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Term
|
Definition
| putting into words the ideas or feelings you have perceived from the message. |
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Term
| perspective sympathetic responsiveness |
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Definition
| feeling concern, compassion, or sorrow for another because of the other’s situation or plight. |
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Term
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Definition
| imagining yourself in the place of another; the most common form of empathizing. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the desire to be appreciated and approved, liked, and honored. |
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Term
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Definition
| a statement designed to get further information or to clarify information already received. |
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Term
|
Definition
| offering ideas, observations, information, and alternative explanations that might help your partner understand the situation in a different light. |
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Term
|
Definition
| being able to retain information and recall it when needed. |
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Term
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Definition
| comforting statements that have a goal to reassure, bolster, encourage, soothe, console, or cheer up. |
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Term
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Definition
| decoding a message accurately to reflect the meaning intended by the speaker. |
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Term
|
Definition
| managing conflict by satisfying others’ needs or accepting others’ ideas while neglecting our own. |
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Term
|
Definition
| belligerently or violently confronting another with your preferences, feelings, needs, or rights with little regard for the situation or for the feelings or rights of others. |
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Term
|
Definition
| expressing your personal preferences and defending your personal rights while respecting the preferences and rights of others. |
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Term
|
Definition
| managing conflict by fully addressing the needs and issues of each party and arriving at a solution that is mutually satisfying. |
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Term
|
Definition
| managing conflict by giving up part of what you want, to provide at least some satisfaction for both parties. |
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Term
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Definition
| describing specific behaviors of another that hurt the person or that person’s relationships with others. |
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Term
|
Definition
| accurately recounting the specific behaviors of another without commenting on their appropriateness. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the skill of naming the emotions you are feeling without judging them. |
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Term
|
Definition
| managing conflict by satisfying your own needs or advancing your own ideas, with no concern for the needs or ideas of the other and no concern for the harm done to the relationship. |
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Term
|
Definition
| when the needs or ideas of one person are at odds or in opposition to the needs or ideas of another. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a conscious decision to avoid disclosure and to withhold information or feelings from a relational partner. |
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Term
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Definition
| not expressing personal preferences or defending our rights because we fear the cost and are insecure in the relationships, have very low self-esteem, or value the other person above ourself. |
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Term
|
Definition
| describing the specific positive behaviors or accomplishments of another and the effect that behavior has on others. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the right of an individual to keep biographical data, personal ideas, and feelings secret. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a way to share experiences and establish bonds with others. |
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Term
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Definition
| seemingly opposing forces (openness–closedness, autonomy–connection, and novelty–predictability) that occur in all interpersonal relationships. |
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Term
| relational self-disclosure |
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Definition
| sharing biographical data, personal experiences, ideas, and feelings. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a way to share information, display knowledge, negotiate, and preserve independence. |
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Term
|
Definition
| managing conflict by physically or psychologically removing yourself. |
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Term
|
Definition
| narrowly focused questions that require the respondent to give very brief (one- or two- word) answers. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a short, well-written letter expressing your interest in a particular job. |
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Term
| electronic cover letters and résumés |
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Definition
| these contain the same information as traditional cover letters and résumés but are sent online. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a planned, structured conversation in which one person asks questions and another person answers them. |
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Term
|
Definition
| an ordered list of questions that have been selected to meet the specific purpose of the interview. |
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Term
|
Definition
| questions that guide respondents toward providing certain types of information and imply that the interviewer prefers one answer over another. |
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Term
|
Definition
| questions that do not direct a person’s answer. |
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Term
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Definition
| broad-based probes that call on the interviewee to provide perspective, ideas, information, feelings, or opinions as he or she answers the question. |
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Term
|
Definition
| lead-in questions that introduce one of the major topics of the interview conversation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a written summary of your skills and accomplishments. |
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Term
| secondary or follow-up questions |
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Definition
| Questions designed to probe the answers given to primary questions. |
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Term
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Definition
| a transition you create in a media interview so that you can move from the interviewer’s subject to the message you want to communicate. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the three or four central ideas you will present as you answer the questions that are asked during a media interview. |
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Term
|
Definition
| goals to which members feel personally committed. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the stage of group development in which members assign meaning to what they have done and determine how to end or maintain interpersonal relations. |
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Term
|
Definition
| an uncritical, nonevaluative process of generating associated ideas. |
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Term
|
Definition
| goals that require hard work and team effort; they motivate group members to do things beyond what they might normally accomplish. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the degree of attraction members have to each other and to the group’s goal. |
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Term
|
Definition
| complementary goals; achieving one goal does not prevent the achievement of another. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process of choosing among alternatives. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a meeting in which all members come together in one physical location to make a decision or solve a problem. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the initial stage of group development during which people come to feel valued and accepted so that they identify with the group. |
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Term
|
Definition
| prescribed behaviors designed to help the group meet its goals and conduct its conversations. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a future state of affairs desired by enough members of the group to motivate the group to work toward its achievement. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, moral judgment that results from in-group pressure. |
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Term
|
Definition
| group in which various demographics, levels of knowledge, attitudes, and interests are represented. |
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Term
|
Definition
| group in which members have a great deal of similarity |
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Term
|
Definition
| the stage of group development during which the solidifies its rules for behavior, especially those that relate to how conflict will be managed. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Expectations for the way group members will behave while in the group. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the stage of group development when the skills, knowledge, and abilities of all members are combined to overcome obstacles and meet goals successfully. |
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Term
|
Definition
| questions concerned with discovering what is true or to what extent something is true. |
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Term
|
Definition
| questions that concern what courses of action should be taken or what rules should be adopted to solve a problem. |
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Term
|
Definition
| questions that concern subjective judgments of what is right, moral, good, or just. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a precisely stated, measurable, and behavioral goal. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the stage of group development during which the group clarifies its goals and determines the roles each member will have in the group power structure. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a commonality of purpose and a complementariness of each other’s efforts that produces a group outcome greater than an individual outcome. |
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Term
|
Definition
| activities designed to help the group work better together. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a meeting in which people in various locations use technology to work together on a decision or problem. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a collection of three or more people who must interact and influence each other to solve problems and to accomplish a common purpose. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a group member who seeks to enhance his or her own status by criticizing almost everything or blaming others when things get rough and by deflating the ego or status of others. |
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Definition
| a group member who probes the content, reasoning, and evidence of members during discussion. |
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| a group member who routinely rejects others’ views and stubbornly disagrees with emerging group decisions. |
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Definition
| a group member who provides support for the contributions of other team members. |
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Definition
| an assigned, appointed, or elected leader who is given legitimate power to influence others. |
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Definition
| a group member who ensures that everyone has an opportunity to speak and be heard. |
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Definition
| a group member who helps the group relieve tension and manage conflict. |
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Definition
| members of the group whose authority to influence stems from the power they gain through their interactions in the group. |
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Term
| information or opinion giver |
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Definition
| a group member who provides content for the discussion. |
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Term
| information or opinion seeker |
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Definition
| a group member who probes others for their factual ideas and opinions. |
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Definition
| a group member who gets the discussion started or moves it in a new direction. |
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Definition
| a group member who attempts to draw attention to himself or herself by clowning, mimicking, or generally making a joke of everything. |
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Definition
| is a process of influencing members to accomplish group goals. |
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Definition
| patterns of behavior that help the group develop and maintain good member relationships, group cohesiveness, and effective levels of conflict. |
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Definition
| a group member who indicates to the group that it is off track or summarizes points of agreement and disagreement among members. |
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Definition
| a specific pattern of behavior that one group member performs based on the expectations of other members. |
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Definition
| patterns of behavior that focus attention on individuals’ needs and goals at the expense of the group. |
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Definition
| specific patterns of behavior that directly help the group accomplish its goals. |
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Definition
| a group member who meets his or her own goals at the expense of group goals by not participating in the discussion or the work of the group. |
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Definition
| brief, often amusing stories. |
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Term
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Definition
| the active process of developing a strategy for tailoring your information to the specific speech audience. |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the intended audience for your speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| an uncritical, nonevaluative process of generating associated ideas. |
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Definition
| illuminate a point by showing similarities. |
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Definition
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| specific instances that illustrate or explain a general factual statement. |
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| a person who has mastered a specific subject, usually through long-term study. |
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Definition
| interpretations and judgments made by authorities in a particular subject area. |
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Definition
| statements that can be verifi ed. |
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Definition
| the intent of your speech. |
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Definition
| accounts, personal experiences, tales, or lengthier stories. |
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Definition
| magazines and journals that appear at fixed intervals. |
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Definition
| the unethical act of representing a published author’s work as your own. |
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Definition
| the process of conducting your own study to acquire information for your speech. |
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Definition
| the process of locating information about your topic that has been discovered by other people. |
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Definition
| the occasion and location for your speech. |
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Definition
| a single statement of the exact response the speaker wants from the audience. |
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Definition
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Definition
| a broad area of knowledge. |
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Definition
| a questionnaire designed to gather information from people. |
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Definition
| some specific aspect of a subject. |
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Definition
| describes the behavior you want your listeners to follow after they have heard your arguments. |
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Definition
| emphasizes when the main points provide proof supporting the thesis statement. |
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Term
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Definition
| complete sentence representations of the main ideas used in your thesis statement. |
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Definition
| the process of selecting and arranging the main ideas and supporting material to be presented in the speech in a manner that makes it easy for the audience to understand. |
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Definition
| wording in more than one sentence that follows the same structural pattern, often using the same introductory words. |
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Definition
| a question seeking a mental rather than a vocal response. |
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Term
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Definition
| a sentence representation of the hierarchical and sequential relationships between the ideas presented in a speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| a sentence that identifies the topic of your speech and the main ideas you will present. |
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Term
| time, or sequential, order |
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Definition
| organizing the main points by a chronological sequence, or by steps in a process. |
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Definition
| organizing the main points of the speech by categories or divisions of a subject. |
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Definition
| words, phrases, or sentences that show the relationship between or bridge ideas. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of customizing your speech material to your specific audience. |
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Definition
| charts that present information using a series of vertical or horizontal bars. |
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Definition
| graphic representations that present information in easily interpreted formats. |
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Term
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Definition
| the background, knowledge, attitudes, experiences, and philosophies that are shared by audience members and the speaker. |
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Term
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Definition
| a large pad of paper mounted on an easel; it can be an effective method for presenting visual aids. |
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Term
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Definition
| use symbols and connecting lines to diagram the progressions through a complicated process. |
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Definition
| a chart that compares information. |
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Term
| initial audience attitudes |
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Definition
| predispositions for or against a topic, usually expressed as an opinion. |
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Term
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Definition
| how well you convince your audience that you are qualified to speak on the topic. |
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Term
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Definition
| charts that indicate changes in one or more variables over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| a three-dimensional representation of an idea you are communicating. |
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Term
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Definition
| the extent to which you project an agreeable or pleasing personality. |
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Definition
| “we,” “us,” and “our” pronouns that refer directly to members of the audience. |
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Definition
| presenting information in a frame of reference that is familiar to the audience. |
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Term
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Definition
| charts that help audiences visualize the relationships among parts of a single unit. |
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Definition
| a relationship to personal space. |
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Term
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Definition
| adapting the information in the speech so that audience members view it as important to them. |
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Term
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Definition
| questions phrased to stimulate a mental response rather than an actual spoken response on the part of the audience |
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Term
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Definition
| showing how information is useful now or in the |
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Term
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Definition
| both character and apparent motives for speaking. |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of speech development that allows the audience to see as well as to hear information. |
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Term
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Definition
| used to preview, review, or highlight important ideas covered in a speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| the articulation, inflection, tone, and speech habits typical of the natives of a country, a region, or even a state or city. |
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Term
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Definition
| the gradual decline of your anxiety level that begins about one minute into the presentation and results in your anxiety level declining its pre-speaking level in about five minutes. |
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Term
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Definition
| the level of anxiety you experience prior to giving the speech, including the nervousness you feel while preparing and waiting to speak. |
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Term
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Definition
| using the tongue, palate, teeth, jaw movement, and lips to shape vocalized sounds that combine to produce a word. |
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Term
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Definition
| the surge in your anxiety level that you feel as you begin your speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| an informal style of presenting a speech so that your audience feels you are talking with them, not at them. |
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Definition
| excitement or passion about your speech. |
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Definition
| speeches that are researched and planned ahead of time, although the exact wording is not scripted and will vary from presentation to presentation. |
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Term
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Definition
| looking directly at the people to whom we are speaking. |
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Definition
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Definition
| speech that flows easily, without hesitations and vocal interferences. |
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Term
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Definition
| movements of your hands, arms, and fingers that describe and emphasize what you are saying. |
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Term
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Definition
| speeches that are delivered with only seconds or minutes of advance notice for preparation and usually presented without referring to notes of any kind. |
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Definition
| a voice in which the pitch, volume, and rate remain constant, with no word, idea, or sentence differing significantly from any other. |
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Term
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Definition
| motion of the entire body. |
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Definition
| the scaled highness or lowness of the sound a voice makes. |
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Definition
| refers to assurance of manner. |
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Definition
| the position or bearing of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| the form and accent of various syllables of a word. |
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Term
| public speaking apprehension |
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Definition
| a type of communication anxiety (or nervousness), is the level of fear you experience when anticipating or actually speaking to an audience. |
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Term
| public speaking skills training |
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Definition
| the systematic teaching of the skills associated with the processes involved in preparing and delivering an effective public speech, with the intention of improving speaking competence and thereby reducing public speaking apprehension. |
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Term
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Definition
| the tone, timbre, or sound of your voice. |
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Term
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Definition
| the speed at which you talk. |
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Term
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Definition
| practicing the presentation of your speech aloud. |
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Term
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Definition
| those that are prepared by creating a complete written manuscript and delivered by rote memory or by reading a written copy. |
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Term
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Definition
| word or phrased outlines of your speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| a naturalness that seems unrehearsed or memorized. |
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Term
| systematic desensitization |
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Definition
| a method that reduces apprehension by gradually having you visualize increasingly more frightening events. |
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Term
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Definition
| a method that reduces apprehension by helping you develop a mental picture of yourself giving a masterful speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| giving different shades of expressiveness to words. |
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Term
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Definition
| the contrasts in pitch, volume, rate, and quality that affect the meaning an audience gets from the sentences you speak. |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree of loudness of the tone you make as you normally exhale, your diaphragm relaxes, and air is expelled through the trachea. |
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Term
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Definition
| words formed from the first letter of a series of words. |
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Definition
| a word that is a direct opposition. |
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Definition
| a method of informing that explains something by focusing on how it is similar and different from other things. |
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Term
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Definition
| using information in a way that yields different or original ideas and insights. |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of informing that explains something by identifying its meaning. |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of informing that explains something by showing how something is done, by displaying the stages of a process, or by depicting how something works. |
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Term
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Definition
| the informative method used to create an accurate, vivid, verbal picture of an object, geographic feature, setting, or image. |
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Term
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Definition
| thinking that occurs when we contemplate something from a variety of different perspectives. |
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Term
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Definition
| an informative presentation that provides carefully researched, in-depth knowledge about a complex topic. |
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Term
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Definition
| a speech that has a goal to explain or describe facts, truths, and principles in a way that increases understanding. |
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Term
| intellectually stimulating |
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Definition
| information that is new to audience members. |
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Term
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Definition
| a system of improving memory by using formulas. |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of informing that explains something by recounting events. |
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Definition
| a word that has the same or similar meaning. |
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Term
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Definition
| a fallacy that occurs when one attacks the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself. |
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Term
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Definition
| having no opinion because one is uninterested, unconcerned, or indifferent to a topic. |
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Term
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Definition
| support a claim with a single comparable example that is significantly similar to the subject of the claim. |
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Term
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Definition
| support a claim by providing one or more individual examples. |
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Definition
| support a claim by citing information that signals the claim. |
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Definition
| support a claim by citing events that have occurred to bring about the claim. |
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Definition
| the process of proving conclusions you have drawn from reasons and evidence. |
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Term
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Definition
| showing care about the audience by acknowledging feedback from the audience, especially subtle negative cues. |
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Term
| comparative advantages pattern |
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Definition
| an organization that allows you to place all the emphasis on the superiority of the proposed course of action. |
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Term
| criteria satisfaction pattern |
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Definition
| an indirect organization that first seeks audience agreement on criteria that should be considered when they evaluate a particular proposition and then shows how the proposition satisfies those criteria. |
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Definition
| a fallacy that occurs when the alleged cause fails to be related to, or to produce, the effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| the audience perception that the speaker understands, empathizes with, and is responsive to them. |
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Term
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Definition
| a fallacy that presents a generalization that is either not supported with evidence or is supported with only one weak example. |
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Definition
| knowing the basics about a topic but still having no opinion about it. |
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Definition
| a reward promised if a particular action is taken or goal is reached. |
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Term
| motivated sequence pattern |
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Definition
| an organization that combines the problem solution pattern with explicit appeals designed to motivate the audience to act. |
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Term
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Definition
| forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior. |
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Definition
| a speech that has a goal to influence the beliefs or behavior of audience members. |
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Definition
| an organization that provides a framework for clarifying the nature of the problem and for illustrating why a given proposal is the best one. |
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Term
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Definition
| a declarative sentence that clearly indicates the speaker’s position on the topic. |
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Term
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Definition
| main point statements that summarize several related pieces of evidence and show why you should believe or do something. |
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Term
| statement of reasons pattern |
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Definition
| a straightforward organization in which you present the best-supported reasons you can find. |
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Term
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Definition
| not knowing enough about a topic to have formed an opinion. |
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