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| 2 Types of Pure Substances |
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| Homogenous & Heterogenous |
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| Anything observed without changing the substance or forming new substance |
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| Observed through forming new substances |
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| A glass of milk souring is a _____ change? |
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| A ice cube melting is a _____ change? |
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| Founder of Modern Atomic Theory. formed the atomic theory, which states that all matter is composed of tiny, indestructible particles called atoms that are all alike and have the same atomic weight. |
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| discovered the electron and developed the plum-pudding model of the atom. |
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| used the results of his gold-foil experiment to state that all the mass of an atom were in a small positively-charged ball at the center of the atom. |
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| Father of modern chemistry. Law of Conservation of matter. |
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| Aristotle's Atomic Theory |
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| Everything made of 4 elements: fire, water, earth and air |
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| Bond Involving electron sharing |
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| Bond involving electron transfer |
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1. Bal Eqn
2. Convert moles (divide g by mm)
3. Compare moles given to moles unknown( unknown/given)
4. Convert to whatever |
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Often involve Ionic Compounds
X (aq)+ y(aq) -> Z(s)+A(aq)
Z is precipitate
Anions Pair with Cations
Unsoluble is precipitate (see rules) |
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Loss electrons oxidation
Gain electrons reduced |
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| Electron transfer...follow oxidation rules given (not in a compound # is 0) |
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| As P increases V decreases (INVERSE) |
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| as temp increases V increases |
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| As Temp increases P increases |
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PV=nRT
P= Pressure, V=volume, T=Temp (Kelvins only), n=moles, R=0.0821 liter·atm/mol·K |
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| 1st Law of Thermodynamics |
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q=m.sΔT
q=heat, m=mass, s=specefic heat, ΔT |
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c = λ × f
c=speed of light,λ=wavelength, f=frequency |
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| e=mc^2 and photoelectric effect |
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| Electrons orbit the nucleus |
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moles of solute/L of solution
or m=n/V (in L) |
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| Decreases concentration not moles |
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| Ionic compound of cation (NOT H) and anion (NOT OH- or O2-) |
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| Then, you break apart the soluble molecules into the two ions that are formed (one positive and one negative). You will have to use the solubility rules to do this, they can be found online. If something is insoluble, it should not be broken apart. Write the reaction out with all of the separated ions. This is called the Total Ionic Equation. Then, you simplify by canceling things out if they appear on both sides of the reaction, resulting in the Net Ionic Equation. |
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| Ionic Compounds do/do not exist as gases |
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| Normal Atmospheric Conditions |
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| 25 degrees C & 1 atm pressure |
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| Used to measure pressure of gases other than atmospheres |
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Charged / Not charged
vol is not def / vol not definate
compress / compress
Move in straight lines like pong |
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| mass/mole M=m/n or rewritten as n=m/M |
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M but not v / m & v
dont attract or repulse / at high temps do not exhibit ideal behavior
same as above/hi Pressure real gases attract |
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| transfer of energy btw bodies |
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| change in E equals work plus heat loss |
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| Waves can act like particles and particles like waves (Wave particle duality) |
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| Uncertainty of the position of a particle in time-photon can bump into it |
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| showed how particles transition from different waves, assigned quantum #s |
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| 1st tells main level, 2nd sub, 3rd Orbital, 4th Spin |
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| varied rows with similar prop. in different lengths, leaving blanks for undiscovered elements. |
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| Created a 7x7 periodic table based on atomic mass not atomic # |
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| increases L to Right top to bottom |
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| Increases right to left top to bottom |
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| increases bottom to top and left to right |
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| Increases bottom to top and left to right |
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| Increases with charge (small distance is akin to higher lattive energy also) |
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| A: Central B: Bond E: Lone pair |
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| Exceptions to the Octet Rule |
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Having too few valence electrons to ever obtain an octet.
Hydrogen, Beryllium and Boron have two few valence electrons to ever obtain a full octet. See this.
Hydrogen can have at most 2 valence electrons after it shares its electron with another atom.
Beryllium will have 4 valence electrons after it has finished bonding.
Boron will have 6 valence electrons after it shares its valence electrons with other atoms.
2. Expanding the octet to have 10, 12 or 14 valence electrons instead of 8.
elements in periods 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 can expand their octet to have 10, 12, or 14 valence electrons. |
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| Hydrogen and carbon (exceptions: CO2, CO, CN-1, Carbonates, Bicarbonates, CO3-2, HCO3-) |
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| Alkanes, alkynes, cycloalkanes, alkenes |
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| Moth balls (napthalene). Atleast 1 benzene ring C6H6 |
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| single bond between C. CnH2n+2 |
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| 1 triple bond btw carbon atoms. CnH2n-2 |
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| single bond between C atoms. CnH2n. ex butane in a ring is cyclobutane. |
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| at least one dbl bond btw c. CnH2n |
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| Location-#of C+yl-Parent Name |
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