Alkane reacting with Oxygen

-results most of the time CO2 and H2O

The replacement of an alkane hydrogen by a chlorine or bromine atom in a process initiated by heat or light

(mixture of products)

Cyclic alkanes [cycloalkanes]

contain a ring of carbon atoms

A hydrocarbon that contains a carbon double bond

C=C

a hydrocarbon that contains a carbon triple bond

 -

C=C

Alkenes and alkynes

-insoluble in water, soluble in nonpolar organic solvents; less dense than water

each double-bond carbon atom has different

substituents  

substance x-y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.  

[[slide 15 chpt 13 ]]

Reaction 2: Elimination

a saturated reactant yields an unsaturated product by losing groups from two adjacent carbons.  

[slide 16 chpt 13]]

an atom or group of atoms in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group of atoms 

-switcheroooo! 

[[slide 17 chpt 13]]

Reaction 4: rearrangement 

a molecule undergoes bond reorganization to yield an isomer. 

-cis-trans

[[slide 18 chpt 13]]

a member of a large class of naturally occurring polyhydroxy ketones and aldehydes. 

ending in -ose

-lacking a plane of symmetry and exist as a pair of non-superimposable mirror image

-"right-handed" or "left-handed"

a way of drawing stereoisomers on a flat page so that we can tell one from another. 

-aldehyde or ketone is always located at the top.

cyclic sugars that differ only in positions of substituents at the hemiacetal carbon; the alpha form has the -OH on the opposite side from the -CH2OH 

the beta form has the -OH on the same side as the -CH2OH

1. oxidoreductase 

2. Transferase

3. Hydrolase

4. Lyase

5. Isomerase

6. Ligase

catalyze redox reactions of substrates, most commonly addition or removal of oxygen or hydrogen

-require coenzymes that are reduced or oxidized as the substrate is oxidized or reduced.  

the reaction rate is directly proportional to the substrate concentration.  

-when the substrate concentration increases, the rate drops off as more of the active sites are occupied 

-when all the active sites are occupied the rate reaches a maximum 

-the concentration of an enzyme can vary according to our metabolic needs. 

-if the substrate does not become a limitation, the reaction rate varies directly with the enzyme concentration 

-rate increases with increasing temperature until the protein begins to denature then the rate decreases rapidly

-the optimum activity for an enzyme occurs at pH where it acts. 

have an -OR group bonded to the carbonyl C atom.  -boil at much lower temps than carboxylic groups because there is no hydrogen bonding.  

-easier to break 

acid-catalyzed hydrolysis

-the reverse of esterification 

-ester is treated with water in the presence of a strong acid and hydrolysis (add water) takes place.  

-the product of saponification is a carboxylate anion rather than a free carboxylic acid.  

-ester hydrolysis by reaction with a base [[NaOH or KOH]]

the mirror-image forms of a chiral molecule like alanine

-enantiomers are one kind of stereoisomer compounds that have the same formula and atomic connections but different spatial arrangements 

the overall three-dimensional shape that results from the folding of a protein chain

-depends mainly on interactions of amino acid side chains that are far apart along the same backbone 

-denaturation

-denaturation of proteins at the surface of the air bubbles stiffens the protein and causes the bubbles to be held in place.  

chromatin organizes itself here 

-contains a different DNA molecule, and the DNA is duplicated so that each new cell receives a complete copy 

genes

contain 2-deoxy-D-ribose, designated by leading their abbreviations with a lower case 

"d"

heterocyclic bases are on the inside, so that a base on one strand points directly toward a base on the second strand.  

-sugar-phosphate backbone making up the sides and the hydrogen-bonded base paris (the ladder part)

smaller RNA's that deliver amino acids one by one to protein chains growing at ribosomes 

-each one carries only one amino acid 

carry information transcribed from DNA

-formed in the cell nucleus and transported out to the ribosomes, where proteins will be synthesized 

a sequence of three ribonucleotides in the messenger RNA chain that codes for a specific amino acid 

-also a three-nucleotide sequence that is a stop codon and stops translation 

carboxylic acid esters, with long, straight hydrocarbon chains in both R groups

-they are secreted by sebaceous glands in the skin of animals and perform mostly external protective functions.  

-carboxylic acid and alcohol combine to form an ester

carboxylic acid trimesters of glycerol, a three-carbon trialcohol. they make up the fats stored in our bodies and most dietary fats and oils. 

-triester 

trimesters of glycerols that contain charged phosphate dieter groups and are abundant in cell membranes 

-polar head and non-polar tail 

amides derived from an amino alcohol, also contain charged phosphate dieter groups

-amide, phosphate diester 

different amides derived from sphingosine, contain polar carbohydrate groups

-carbohydrate and lipid 

are tetracyclic molecules that act as hormones and contribute to the structure of cell membranes 

-all ring molecules

carboxylic acids that are a special type of intracellular chemical messenger 

-ring with 2 side chains (bobby pin)

Alanine 

Ala

A

Arg 

R 

Asn

N

Asp

D 

Cys

C

Glu

E 

Gln

Q

Gly

G

His

H

ile

I

Leucine

Leu

L

Lys

K

Met

M

Phe

F 

Proline 

Pro

P

Serine

Ser

S

Thr

T 

Trp

W

Tyr

Y