Term
the bone marrow makes adequate amounts of the blood cells but they are destroyed once they are released into the circulation |
|
Definition
autoimmune hemolytic anemia |
|
|
Term
cause of autoimmune hemolytic anemia can include certain |
|
Definition
infection, drug reactions, certain cancers |
|
|
Term
blood transfusions can cause hemolytic anemia if lymphocytes in the transfused blood make _ against the person receiving the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pallor, extreme fatigue, tachycardia, shortness of breath, hypotension |
|
|
Term
patients with hemolytic anemia usually have _ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
patients with hemolytic anemia have a positive result on |
|
Definition
direct coombs antiglobulin blood test |
|
|
Term
symptoms of iron deficiency anemia |
|
Definition
fatigue, pallor, orthostatic vs changes, low serum iron level, love ferritin level, high total iron binding capacity |
|
|
Term
foods that are rich in iron |
|
Definition
liver, oysters, red meats, fish, dried fruits, legumes, dark green veggies, iron enriched whole grain breads and chocolates |
|
|
Term
occurs when a person does not absorb vitamin b12 from the stomach, due to the lack of intrinsic factor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
symptoms of pernicious anemia characteristically include |
|
Definition
weakness, a sore tongue, numbness of the hands and feet |
|
|
Term
if the person has neurological symptoms caused by pernicious anemia a monthly injection of _ is prescribed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
symptoms of sickle cell anemia include |
|
Definition
persistently low RBC counts, fatigue and jaundice, cardiomegaly, tachycardia, |
|
|
Term
sickled cells become stuck in larger blood vessels of the body, obstructing blood flow and causing severe pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
stressors that can trigger sickle cell crisis |
|
Definition
dehydration, infection, overexertion, cold weather changes, excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, high altitudes |
|
|
Term
areas compromised during a sickle cell crisis |
|
Definition
chest, abdomen, bones, joints, bone marrow, brain or penis |
|
|
Term
patients in sickle cell crisis often have a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
medication prescribed for patients who often experience sickle cell crisis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
stimulates the production of a certain type of Hgb that is resistant to sickling |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
epoetin alfa is usallually adminsitered until the hematocrits is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
dextran should be adminestered using the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Universal blood recipient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
platelet transfusions are done when plt count drops below |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cryoprecipitate contains only fibrinogen and |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
indications for packed red blood cells |
|
Definition
symptomatic anemia caused by low hematocrit or hemoglobin, |
|
|
Term
inidcations for platelets/apheresis platelets |
|
Definition
bleeding r/t thrombocytopenia, pt at serious risk of bleeding |
|
|
Term
blood should be adnministered using |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cloting deficiences, TTP, hemophilia B, rapid reversal of warfarin, massive RBC transfusions |
|
|
Term
inidcations for cryoprecipated AHF, pooled cryo-precipitated AHF |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
symptoms of hmemolytic tranfusion reaction |
|
Definition
fever, chills, nausea, dyspnea, chest pain, back pain, hypotension, hematuria |
|
|
Term
symptoms of anaphylactic transfusion reacton |
|
Definition
urticaria, wheezing, dyspnea, hypotension |
|
|
Term
symptoms of fevrile tranfusion reacton |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
symptoms of circulatory overload |
|
Definition
cough, frothy sputum, cyanosis, decreased blood pressure |
|
|
Term
sympoms of delayed hemolytic tranfusion reactions |
|
Definition
unexplained fever, unexplained decrease hemogloblin and hematocrit |
|
|
Term
inflammation of the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
microbial infections fo the endocardium primarily affect the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the incidence of infective endocarditis is higher in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
patients with known _ are also at risk for IE and should be treated with prophylactic _ before any dental or invasive procedures |
|
Definition
valvular disease, antibiotics |
|
|
Term
pathogens accumulates on the heart valves, the endocardium or both and forms vegetation |
|
Definition
infective/bacterial indocarditis |
|
|
Term
complications of infective endocarditis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the most frequent cause of death with IE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
s&s of infective endocarditis |
|
Definition
fever accompanied by chills and night sweats, chills, malaise, fatigue, weight loss, chest or abdominal pain, petechiae inside the mouth and on the ankles, feet and antecubital areas, osler nodes may be seen on fingertips or toes, janeyway lesions may be noted on palms and soles, new or changing heart murmur |
|
|
Term
pea sized tender, red to purple lesions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
treatment for infective endocarditis |
|
Definition
antimicrobial drugs, rest and limitation of activities (primary therapeutic measures for IE) |
|
|
Term
antimicrobials to treat infective endocarditis are usually given IV for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When pt’s hip is flexed to a 90o angle producing pain in the hamstring area when knee is extended |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
caused by a genetic abnormality, characterized by severe changes in the intestinal mucosa and impaired absorption of most nutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
common sign of malabsorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the presence of excessive fat in the stool, stools are large bulkey foamy and foul smelling |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
steatorhea, weight loss, fatigue, decreased libido, easy bruising, edenma, anemia and bone pain |
|
|
Term
celiac disease is treated with avoiding products that contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
products that contain gluten |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
chest pain that occurs with physical exertion, relieved by rest or medication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
results when the demand for 02 by the myocardial cells exceeds the supply of o2 delivered |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
occurs most often with excercise or activity and usually subsides with rest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
treatment of stable angina |
|
Definition
beta blocekers, calcium channel blockers, nitrate s |
|
|
Term
all patients with angina, in the absence of contraindication should take _ daily |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
nitrates such as _ are used to treat the acutal episodes of angina and to prevent it's occurance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
after the inital relief and control of the anginal pain the focus of therapy will turn to risk reduction including |
|
Definition
blood pressure control, smoking cessation, lipid control, health diet and tight glucose control for diabtetic patients, increasing physical activity, patient education and yearly flu vaccine |
|
|
Term
recommended diet to help prevent cancer |
|
Definition
low in fat calories and preservatives and high in fiber, with at least 5 servings of fruits or breakfast |
|
|
Term
four major type sof cirrhosis |
|
Definition
alcoholic, postnecrotic, biliary and cardiac cirrhosis |
|
|
Term
the liver enlarges, becomes knobby and then shrinks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
can be a complication of hepatitis in which massive liver cell necrosis occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
devleops as a result of obstruction to bile flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
follows sever right sided heart failur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
slight weightloss, unexplained fever, fatigue, dull heaviness in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, liver may be palapal below the right rib margin |
|
|
Term
epoetin alfa is usallually adminsitered until the hematocrits is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
dextran should be adminestered using the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Universal blood recipient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
platelet transfusions are done when plt count drops below |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cryoprecipitate contains only fibrinogen and |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
indications for packed red blood cells |
|
Definition
symptomatic anemia caused by low hematocrit or hemoglobin, |
|
|
Term
inidcations for platelets/apheresis platelets |
|
Definition
bleeding r/t thrombocytopenia, pt at serious risk of bleeding |
|
|
Term
blood should be adnministered using |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cloting deficiences, TTP, hemophilia B, rapid reversal of warfarin, massive RBC transfusions |
|
|
Term
inidcations for cryoprecipated AHF, pooled cryo-precipitated AHF |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
symptoms of hmemolytic tranfusion reaction |
|
Definition
fever, chills, nausea, dyspnea, chest pain, back pain, hypotension, hematuria |
|
|
Term
symptoms of anaphylactic transfusion reacton |
|
Definition
urticaria, wheezing, dyspnea, hypotension |
|
|
Term
symptoms of fevrile tranfusion reacton |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
symptoms of circulatory overload |
|
Definition
cough, frothy sputum, cyanosis, decreased blood pressure |
|
|
Term
sympoms of delayed hemolytic tranfusion reactions |
|
Definition
unexplained fever, unexplained decrease hemogloblin and hematocrit |
|
|
Term
inflammation of the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
microbial infections fo the endocardium primarily affect the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the incidence of infective endocarditis is higher in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
patients with known _ are also at risk for IE and should be treated with prophylactic _ before any dental or invasive procedures |
|
Definition
valvular disease, antibiotics |
|
|
Term
pathogens accumulates on the heart valves, the endocardium or both and forms vegetation |
|
Definition
infective/bacterial indocarditis |
|
|
Term
complications of infective endocarditis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the most frequent cause of death with IE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
s&s of infective endocarditis |
|
Definition
fever accompanied by chills and night sweats, chills, malaise, fatigue, weight loss, chest or abdominal pain, petechiae inside the mouth and on the ankles, feet and antecubital areas, osler nodes may be seen on fingertips or toes, janeyway lesions may be noted on palms and soles, new or changing heart murmur |
|
|
Term
pea sized tender, red to purple lesions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
treatment for infective endocarditis |
|
Definition
antimicrobial drugs, rest and limitation of activities (primary therapeutic measures for IE) |
|
|
Term
antimicrobials to treat infective endocarditis are usually given IV for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When pt’s hip is flexed to a 90o angle producing pain in the hamstring area when knee is extended |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
caused by a genetic abnormality, characterized by severe changes in the intestinal mucosa and impaired absorption of most nutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
common sign of malabsorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the presence of excessive fat in the stool, stools are large bulkey foamy and foul smelling |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
steatorhea, weight loss, fatigue, decreased libido, easy bruising, edenma, anemia and bone pain |
|
|
Term
celiac disease is treated with avoiding products that contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
products that contain gluten |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
chest pain that occurs with physical exertion, relieved by rest or medication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
results when the demand for 02 by the myocardial cells exceeds the supply of o2 delivered |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
occurs most often with excercise or activity and usually subsides with rest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
treatment of stable angina |
|
Definition
beta blocekers, calcium channel blockers, nitrate s |
|
|
Term
all patients with angina, in the absence of contraindication should take _ daily |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
nitrates such as _ are used to treat the acutal episodes of angina and to prevent it's occurance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
after the inital relief and control of the anginal pain the focus of therapy will turn to risk reduction including |
|
Definition
blood pressure control, smoking cessation, lipid control, health diet and tight glucose control for diabtetic patients, increasing physical activity, patient education and yearly flu vaccine |
|
|
Term
recommended diet to help prevent cancer |
|
Definition
low in fat calories and preservatives and high in fiber, with at least 5 servings of fruits or breakfast |
|
|
Term
four major type sof cirrhosis |
|
Definition
alcoholic, postnecrotic, biliary and cardiac cirrhosis |
|
|
Term
the liver enlarges, becomes knobby and then shrinks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
can be a complication of hepatitis in which massive liver cell necrosis occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
devleops as a result of obstruction to bile flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
follows sever right sided heart failur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
slight weightloss, unexplained fever, fatigue, dull heaviness in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, liver may be palpable below the right rib margin |
|
|
Term
as cirrhosis progresses impaired metabolism of _ causes |
|
Definition
carbs, fats and proteins anorexia, nausea vomiting, diarrhea or constipation, flatulencs and dyspepsia |
|
|
Term
elevated pressure in the veins in the gi tract form cirrhosis causes themt to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
dilated veins n the esophaugs are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
dilated veins in the rectum are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
hematologic disorders associated with cirrhosis |
|
Definition
anemia, leukocytopenia, thrombocytopenia and protrhombin deficiency |
|
|
Term
the diseased liver is unable to metabolize |
|
Definition
estrogen, testosterone, aldosterone and adrenocortical hromones |
|
|
Term
_ may be noted in men with cirrhosis and _ may be noted in women |
|
Definition
testicular atrophym imptence and hormone excess, gynocomastia amenorrea |
|
|
Term
_ attributed to hormone excess caused by cirrhosis |
|
Definition
palmar erythema and spider angiomas |
|
|
Term
cirrhosis impairs the liver's abiltiy to manufacture |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
peripheral neuropathin is charactreized by _ and is common with _ |
|
Definition
tingling or numbness in the extremities cirrhosis |
|
|
Term
paripheral neuropathy caused by cirrhosis is caused by dieteray deficiencs of |
|
Definition
vitamin b12, thiamin, folic acid |
|
|
Term
complications of cirrhoissi |
|
Definition
esophageal varices, ascites, hepatic encdphalopathy, hepatorenal syndrome and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis |
|
|
Term
high portal pressure caused by obstruction of flow of inconming blood causing blood to back up into the portal system caused by cirrhosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
portal hypertension causes _ to develop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
collater cessels commonly form in the |
|
Definition
esophagus, anterior abdominal wall and the rectom |
|
|
Term
involuntary contrations of the hands when inflating bp cuff r/t hypocalcemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Phytonadione is also called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
conservative treatment of the sytemic effects of chronci kindey disease includes |
|
Definition
IV glucose and insulin, calcium carbonate, calcium acetate, or sodium polystrene sulfonate to treat hyperkalemia statins in the early (decreases risk of cardiovascular complications) calcium, active vitamin D, phosphate binders to treat hypocalcemia fluid and sodium restriction (treat hypovolemia) diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin-receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers (treat hypertension) water-soluble vitamins (replace after dialysis) iron supplements, folic acid, synthetic erythropoietin (for anemia) hypertonic glucose (disequilibrium syndrome) diet |
|
|
Term
when kidney failure can no longer be managed conservatively, _ is required to sustain life |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
remove end products of protein metabolism from blood maintain safe concetrations of serum electrolytes cprrect acodpsos remove excess fluid from the blood |
|
|
Term
two primary means of dialysis |
|
Definition
hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis |
|
|
Term
process by which blood is remvoed from the body and circulated through an artificial kidney for removal of excess fluid, electrolytes and wastes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
occurs when too much arterial blood is diverted from the extremity by the access device |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
interruption of blood flow to part of the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
causes of stroke among the young include |
|
Definition
drug abuse, use of birth control pills in combination with smoking, congenital heart conditions, mitral valve prolapse, atrial firbrillation, infectious endocarditis, sickle cell anemia, rheumatic fever, leukemia |
|
|
Term
a common denominator of many of the risk factors of stroke |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sudden numbness/weakness of the face arm or leg sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination, sudden sever headach with no known cause |
|
|
Term
transient episode of neurologic dysfunction caused by focal brain, spinal cord or retinal ischemia without acute infarction |
|
Definition
transient ischemic attack |
|
|
Term
it is beleived that at least _ of blood flow to an area must be blocked before signs and symptoms of tia appear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
important warning signs for the individual who could potentially experience a full stroke in the future |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a tool used to assess the risk of stroke after TIA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
when using the ABCD scoring symptoms scores are assiged based on |
|
Definition
age, blood presure(first clinical eval), clinical symptoms and duration of symptoms and idagnosis of diabetes |
|
|
Term
the greater the ABCD score(0-7) the greater risk for having a stroke within |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dizziness, momentary confusion, loss of speech, loss fo balance, tinnitus, viusal distrubances, ptosis, dysarthria, dysphagia, drooping mouth, weakness and tingiling or numbness on one side of the body |
|
|
Term
the PT is sually kept in the therapeutic range of _ times normal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
indicated for stroke prevention in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation |
|
Definition
rivaroxaban and dabigatran |
|
|
Term
recommended for patients with elevated lips or coranary artery disease or when evidence exsts that the TIA is r/t atherosclerosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the most common surgery to treat TIA |
|
Definition
carotid endarterectomy transluminal angioplasty |
|
|
Term
an abrupt impairment of brain function resulting in a set of neurologic signs and symptoms caused by impaired blood flow to the brain and that last more than 24 hours |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a blood vessel inthe brain ruptures and bleeding into the brain occurs, as a result, intracranial pressure may increase, disrupting normal cerebral function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ischemic stroke is caused by the obstructionof a blodo vessels by an |
|
Definition
artherosclerotic plaque, blodo clot, combination of the two, or other debris that impedes blood flow |
|
|
Term
develops when an obstruction forms in a blood vess of the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
results from occlusion of the small penetrating arteries deep within the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
symptoms of hemorrhagic stroke genrally occur suddenly and may include |
|
Definition
sever headache(worst headache of my life), stiff neck, loss of consciousness, vomiting and seizures |
|
|
Term
symptoms of embolic stroke (often appear without warning): |
|
Definition
unilateral weakness, numbness, visual problems, confusion and memory lapses, headache, dysphagia, language problems |
|
|
Term
signs and symptoms of thrombotic stroke may be the same as those of an embolic stroke however the symptoms may developm more |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
long term affects of stroke |
|
Definition
aphasia, dysarthria, dysphagia, dyspraxia, hemiplegia, senosry impairment, unilateral neglct, homonymous hemianopsia, personality change, emotional lability, impaired cognition, bladder dysfunction |
|
|
Term
defect of the use of language |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
difficulty understanding spoken or written words |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the partial inability to initate coardinated voluntary motor acts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a perceptual problem that involves a loss of one side of the field of vision |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
t-pA should be given within _ after stroke |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
pt on diuretics should not their _ consumption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
crohns disease is also known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
crohns disease can affect: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
symptoms of crohn disease when the stomach and duodenum are involved |
|
Definition
nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain |
|
|
Term
symptoms of crohn disease if the small intestine is invovled |
|
Definition
pain, abdominal tenderness, cramping |
|
|
Term
an enflamed colon r/t crohns diseas typically causes |
|
Definition
abdominal pain, rectal bleeding and diarrhea |
|
|
Term
systemic signs and symptoms of crohns disease |
|
Definition
fever, night sweats, malaise, joint pain |
|
|
Term
medical treatment of crohns disease involves |
|
Definition
corticosteroids immunosuppresant agents antidiarrheal agents anticholinergics antibiotics aminosalicylates iron supplements infliximab antidepressants |
|
|
Term
used to treat mild to moderately sever attacks of crohn disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
antibiotics used to treat crohns disease |
|
Definition
sulfasalazine, mesalamin, olsalazin, metroniadazole |
|
|
Term
used to block the inflammatory processin crohn disease for patients who do not respond well to azathioprine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
crohn disease is less responsive to aminosalicylates oso the patient may be maintained on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
low roughage without milk products |
|
|
Term
the failing liver is unable to detoxify ammonian, the excessive ammonia in the blood causes neurologic symptoms including cognitive disturbances declining LOC and changes in neuromuscular function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
some interventions for hepatic encephalopathy involve |
|
Definition
administereing lactulose, miralax, antibiotics such as rifamaxin or neomycin, or albumin dialysis |
|
|
Term
typical findings ocnsisten with hepatitis included |
|
Definition
elevated serum enzymes, serum and urinary bilirubin and urinary bilinogen, protlonged prothrombin time, albumin low or normal, gamma globulin normal or high |
|
|
Term
the pt with cholecystitis and choolelithiasis may have a _ of vitamin k |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
analgesic, decreses response ot increased co2, decreses GI secretions |
|
|
Term
pain medication for pancreatitis |
|
Definition
morphine, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, tramadol or hydrocodone |
|
|