Term
hyperemesis gravidarum differs from morning sickness of pregnancy in one or more of the following ways |
|
Definition
persistent n/v significant weight loss (more than 5% of prepregnant weight) dehydration electrolyte and acid base imbalances ketonuria psychological factors such as unusual stress, emotional immaturity, passivity or ambivalence about the pregnancy |
|
|
Term
dehydration r/t hyperemisis gravidarum is evidenced by |
|
Definition
dry tongue and mucus membranes, decreased tugor, of the skin, scant and concentrated urin and a high serum hematocrit levels |
|
|
Term
antiemetic drugs such as _ at bedtime _ and _ may be prescribed for severe symptoms of hyperemesis gravidarum in the outpatient setting |
|
Definition
diclegis, transdermal clonidine, oral ondansetron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
diclegis is also known as |
|
Definition
doxylamine succinate and yridoxine hydrochloride |
|
|
Term
removal of the entire breast |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
radical mastectomy is removal of all |
|
Definition
breast tissue, overlying skinm axillary lymph nodes and underlying pectoral muscles |
|
|
Term
a variation of radical mastectomy ads remval of the |
|
Definition
internal mammary lymphatic chain |
|
|
Term
interventions to manage lymphedema r/t to mastectomy |
|
Definition
elevat arm above heart level measure bp on the unaffected size do not use affected arm for venipuncture, injections or parenteral fluid administration do no apply dodorant to or shave the axilla on the affected side frequently measure the circumfernce ot the affected arm (immediately report an increase) encourage the patient to use the arm for as many ADLs as possible |
|
|
Term
inserted into the body in a sealed container |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
example of sealed source radiation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
sealed source radiation is inserted into body cavities that to treat cancer of the |
|
Definition
prostate, mouth, tongue, vagina and cervix |
|
|
Term
sealed source radiation may alsoc be placed in |
|
Definition
threads, beads, needles or seeds |
|
|
Term
sealed source radiation may also be enclosed in a _ and applied |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the patient with sealed source radiation body fluids as well as objects the patient touches are not radioactive because the radiation source is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo oophorectomy is exicision of the |
|
Definition
uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries d |
|
|
Term
cervical cancer generally grows |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
advanced cervical cancer may invade such surrounding structures such as |
|
Definition
pelvic walls, bowel and bladder |
|
|
Term
risk for cervical cancer is increased in womane who have been infected with the |
|
Definition
hpv high risk types or HIV |
|
|
Term
additional factors associated with cervical cancer |
|
Definition
cigarette smoking, initial sexual intercourse in early adolescence, compromised immune system, multiple sex partners |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
advanced cancer may also be _ or may be associated with _ |
|
Definition
asymptomatic blood tinged or frank blood vaginal discharge, menstrual irregularites or bleeding after intercourse |
|
|
Term
invasion of cervical cancer into adjacent structures causes site related symptoms such as |
|
Definition
pain, backache and bleeding and anemia because of chronic bleeding may develop |
|
|
Term
cervical cancer is often first suspected when a positive pap test result reveals _ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
cervical cancer is preceded by changes in cells called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
cervical cancer is staged according to the extent of invasio with _ signifying limitation to the cervical epithelium and stge _ indicating metastasis to distant organs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
mild dysplasia r/t cervical cancer may be treated with |
|
Definition
loop electrosurgical excision |
|
|
Term
uses electricity to destroy abnormal tissue |
|
Definition
loop electrosurgical exision |
|
|
Term
locilized carcinoma may be treated with |
|
Definition
laser destruction, cryosurger, or conization alone, total hysterectomy(if childbearing isn't desired) |
|
|
Term
invasive cancer is treated with |
|
Definition
radiation, surgery or chemotherapy |
|
|
Term
because effective treament requires proper placement of sealed source treatment for cervical cancer, the pt is _ as much as possible for the duration during the treatment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
radical hysterectomy invovles |
|
Definition
removal of the uterus, fallopian tubes, upper third fo the vagina and usually the overies |
|
|
Term
total pelvic exenteration involves |
|
Definition
removal of the uterus, voaries, fallopina tubes, vigna, bladder, urethra, descending colon, rectom, anal canal, pelvic lymp nodes |
|
|
Term
the standard surgical procedure r/t prostatectomy |
|
Definition
transurthral resectionof the prostate (turp) |
|
|
Term
no _ incision made for TURP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a standord or _ is commonly used to maintain continuous irrigation and bladder drainage after a TURP |
|
Definition
triple lumen urinary catehter |
|
|
Term
performed through the bladder by way of a low abdominal incision |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
suprapubic prostatectomy may be selected when the _ is ver large or when _ also exist that require surgical correction |
|
Definition
prostate, bladder abnormalities |
|
|
Term
_ uses a low abdominal incision of the front prostate, the _ is not cut |
|
Definition
retropubic prostatectomy, bladder |
|
|
Term
a perineal prostatectomy requires an incision between the _ to gain access to the prostate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
radical prostatectomy includes removal of the |
|
Definition
prostate gland, the outer capsule, the seminal vesicles, sections of the vas deferens and sometimes a portion of the bladder neck |
|
|
Term
low oxygen level in the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
be alert to abnormally _ and to _ which may be a sign of hypoxia |
|
Definition
rapid or slow breathing, mtachycardia |
|
|
Term
Signs and symptoms of air embolus are: |
|
Definition
Respiratory distress Increased heart rate Cyanosis Decreased blood pressure Change in LOC |
|
|
Term
the first sign of a fat embolism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tachycardia, tachypnea, fever, concusion and decreased LOC |
|
|
Term
In adults the most commonly fractured bones are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
in _ a hematoma forms between the two broken ends of the bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
callus formmation in bone healing occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ossification of bone healing occurs within |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
consolidation and remodeling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
short term complications of fracters |
|
Definition
infection, fat embolism, deep vein thrombosis, compartment syndrome and shock |
|
|
Term
primary symptom of compartment syndrome |
|
Definition
paint that cannont be relieved with opiod analgesic |
|
|
Term
other signs and symptoms of compartment syndrome |
|
Definition
edema, pallor,weak or unequal pulses, cyanosis, tingling, numbness and parethesia |
|
|
Term
the process of bringing the ends of the broken bone into proper alignment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
bone is broken or ocrushed into small pieces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
types of materials used for a cast |
|
Definition
plaster of paris, fiberglass, thermoplastic resins, thermolabile plastic and polyester cotton knit impregnated with polyurethane |
|
|
Term
plaster of paris consists of |
|
Definition
anhdrous calcium sulfate embedded in gauze |
|
|
Term
cheapest cast type to use |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
initially the wet cast of plaster of paris is hot and the heat may cause |
|
Definition
edema of underlying tissues |
|
|
Term
the plaster of paris dries after about |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
drying time for fiber glass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
fiberglass can stand weight bearign after |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
weight used during skin traction should not be more than |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
examples of skeletal traction |
|
Definition
gardner wells, crutch field, vinke tongs, halo vest |
|
|
Term
crutch on one side and the opposite foot are advanced at the same time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
two point gait is used with |
|
Definition
partial weight bering limitations |
|
|
Term
both crutches and the food of the affected extremity are advanced together followed by food of the unaffected extremety |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
partial or no weight bearing |
|
|
Term
cholesterol is used to form _ for the digestion of _ and the production of _ |
|
Definition
bile salts, fat, adrenal, ovarian, testicular hormone |
|
|
Term
the normal adult serum cholesterol level is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
hypercholestrolemia are associated with increased risk of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
cholesteral accumulates in the arterial lumen and in time results in decreased |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
two forms of cholesterol most closely correlated with CHD |
|
Definition
high density lipoproteins and lowdensity lipo proteins |
|
|
Term
recommened HDL levels _ for men and _ for women |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
normal tryglicerid levels for men _ and _ for women |
|
Definition
40 to 160 mg/dL, 35 to 135 mg/dL |
|
|
Term
a condition in which a person ahs too few platelets circulatin in the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
major cause of thrombocytopenia is r/t inadequate prodcution of platelts is treatment of cancer with |
|
Definition
cheomotherpay or radiation therapy |
|
|
Term
in pt treated with chemotherapy or radiotherapy thrombocytopenia can be expected _ after treatment, and lasts until the bone marrow is able to make more platelts which is usually _ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
two examples of thrombocytopenia resulting from too many plts being either destroyed or consumed are |
|
Definition
idopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, thrombotic, thrombocytopenic purpura |
|
|
Term
symptoms of thrombocytopenia include |
|
Definition
petechiae and purpura, gingival bleeding, epistaxis |
|
|
Term
bone cells destroyed exceed bone cells being formed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
risk factors for osteoporosis |
|
Definition
estrogen deficiency, physical inactivity, low body weight, inadequate calcium, protein or vitamin d intake, long term therapy with corticosterods or heparin and excessive use of cigarettes, caffene, and alcohol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
back pain, ractures, loss of height because of vertebral compression and kyphosis |
|
|
Term
often the patient has no symptoms of ostoporis until a fracture |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
preventative measures for osteoporosis |
|
Definition
calcium and vitamin d supplementation, physical activity, smoking cessaion, limited alcohol intake, estrogen replacement(in some cases) |
|
|
Term
drugs that may be used to prevent or treat osteoporosis |
|
Definition
bisphosphonates, calcitonin, hormone therapy, SERMS, parathyroid hormone, prolia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fosamax, boniva, actonel and reclast |
|
|
Term
calcitonin to treat osteo porosis is sold as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
SERMS used to treat osteoporsis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
parathyroid hormone to treat ostoporosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a biologic drug used to treat osteo porosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
newest ateoporosis drug, targes a chemical inthe immune system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
prolea may cause _ and could increase |
|
Definition
low blood calcium, risk of infection |
|
|
Term
recommended elemental calcium intake for postmenopasal women |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
postmenopausal women who are not on estrogen replacement therapy need _ of calcium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a chronic progressive inflmamatory disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the mosst notable effect of RA is on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
onset of symptoms of rheumatoid arthrits is characterized by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
other than join effects RA can be manifested in |
|
Definition
rheumatoid nodules, diminished lacrimal and salivary secretions, inflammation of the eye, enlargemtn of the spleen and lymphg nodes, pulmonary diseas and blood dyscrasias |
|
|
Term
rheumatoid noducles usually develop on the |
|
Definition
finters, elbows, base of the spine, back of the head, sclera and lungs |
|
|
Term
some patiens with RA develop clusters of smptoms including |
|
Definition
sjogren, felty or caplan syndrome, |
|
|
Term
felty syndrome is characterized by |
|
Definition
liver and spleen elargement and neutropenia |
|
|
Term
sjogren syndrom is charactrized by |
|
Definition
drness of the mouth, eeys and vagina |
|
|
Term
caplan syndrome is marked by rheumatoid noduls in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
caplan syndrome occurs most often in |
|
Definition
coal miners and asbestos works |
|
|
Term
five types of medications used to treat RA |
|
Definition
NSAIDS, steroids, mthotrexat and DMARDS, biologic response modifies that are of a subset of DMARDs, janus kinase inhiborts |
|
|
Term
aggressive therapies are used in treating RA to relive inflammation within a _ periot and to prevent _ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a DMARD that can reportedly slow the progression of RA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
maximal effects of DMARDs may require |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
pts on glucocorticoid therapy r/t RA should recive _ to prevent osteoporsisi associated with glucocorticoid therapy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
newest medications that act on the immune system to stop the inflammatory process of RA |
|
Definition
JAK inhibitors or jakinibs |
|
|
Term
the only JAK inibitor approved by the FDA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
types of exercise tha tmay benefit the patient with RA include |
|
Definition
walking, cycling, aerobics, yoga and aquatics |
|
|
Term
surgical treatment for RA |
|
Definition
synovectomy, tenosynovectomy, arthrodesis |
|
|
Term
_ on arising may relieve morning pain ans stiffness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
RA may occur at anytime but peaks at |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
most common symptom of RA |
|
Definition
pain is aggravated by movement |
|
|
Term
mournign stiffness lasting more than _ is almost always a feature of RA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
joint changes of RA are usually _ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
other symptoms of RA include |
|
Definition
weakness, easy fatigability, anorexia, weightloss, muscle aches and tenderness and warmth and swelling of the affected joints |
|
|
Term
high blood presure is difned as |
|
Definition
systolic >14o and diastolic greater than 90 |
|
|
Term
complications of hypertension |
|
Definition
damage to the heart, blood vessels, kidnesy brain and eyes, increase after 50 years of age |
|
|
Term
primary (essential) hypertension is more come in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
risk factors for primary hypertension |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
secondary hypertension is more commmon in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
secondary hypertension in most cases is caused by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
systolic between 120 and 139, diastolic of 80 and 89 |
|
|
Term
the cause for primary htn is _ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
secondary htn is cause by underlying factors such as |
|
Definition
kidney disease, certain arterial conditions, some drugs, occasionally pregnancy |
|
|
Term
most significant risk factors fro primary htn |
|
Definition
dyslipidemia, aterosclerosis, dm, TABACOO USE, >age 55 in men >age 65 in women, family hx, sedentary lifestyle |
|
|
Term
symptoms that may accompany HTN |
|
Definition
occiptial headaches that are mroe sever on arising, light headedness, epistaxis |
|
|
Term
most serious consequences of HTN |
|
Definition
heart attack, heart failur, stroke, kidney disease and blindness |
|
|
Term
coronary heart disease r/t htn can result in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
first line antihypertensive drugs include |
|
Definition
thazide diuretics, angeotensi convertin enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers |
|
|
Term
beta blockers rduce bp by blocking the beta effects of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
common side affects of beta blockers |
|
Definition
bradycardia, hypotesnion, hypoglycemia, increased low density lipoprotein |
|
|
Term
beta blockers are usually not recommended in patients with |
|
Definition
asthma, COPD, heart block |
|
|
Term
people with diabetes should be watched carefully for _ because betablockers lower _ and suppress the usual signs of _ |
|
Definition
hypoglycemia, blood glucose, hypoglycemia |
|
|
Term
_ may be the only sign of hypoglycemia when people with diabetes are taking beta blockes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the action of calcium channel blockers: |
|
Definition
reduces the heart rate, decreases the force fo cardiac contracion, dilates peripheral blood vessels |
|
|
Term
examples of calcium channel blockers used for HTN |
|
Definition
dilitiazem, isradipin, nicardipin, nifedipin, amlodipin, amlodipine and artorvastatin, verapamil |
|
|