Term
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Definition
| the scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
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Definition
| part of the brain that determines whether an event is emotionally significant |
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Definition
| a specific claim about the facts, framed in a way that will allow an unambiguous test and can be proven wrong |
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Definition
| variable that is measured or recorded in an experiment |
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Definition
| variable that the experimenter manipulates as a basis for making predictions about the other variable |
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Definition
| all members of a given group about which the investigator wants to draw conclusions |
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Definition
| a subset of the population that the investigator uses to draw conclusions about the whole population |
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Definition
| a procedure in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being picked to participate in a study |
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Definition
| an intensive study of one person |
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Definition
| the degree to which a study's participants, stimuli, and procedures adequately reflect the world as it actually is |
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Definition
| the cues in a study that might tell a research participant what behaviors are expected or desirable in that setting |
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Definition
| the technique of assigning participants to experimental conditions while keeping both the participants and the researchers unaware of who is assigned to which group |
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Definition
| mathematical procedures that allow a researcher to characterize a data pattern - includes measures of central tendency and variability |
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Definition
| mathematical procedures that allow a researcher to draw further claims from a data pattern, including claims about whether the pattern observed in the sample is likely to be observed elsewhere |
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Definition
| the degree to which scores in a frequency distribution depart from the central value |
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Definition
| the square root of variance |
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Definition
| the tendency of two variables to change together |
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Definition
| value between -1 and 1 which indicates strength of a correlation |
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Definition
| the degree of consistency with which a test measures a trait or attribute |
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Definition
| the extent to which a method or procedure measures what it is supposed to measure |
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Definition
| the magnitude of the difference between groups in a study, often computed by subtracting the mean of one group's scores from the mean of the other's scores |
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Definition
| a calculation central to inferential statistics that describes the likelihood that the results of a study happened by chance |
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Definition
| a comparison that relies on already-existing groups |
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Definition
| studies in which the investigator analyzes the relationships among variables that were in place before the study, without manipulating those variables |
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Definition
| the possibility that in an observational study, something unconsidered is causing the change |
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Definition
| a study of causal relationships in which the researcher manipulates an independent variable to examine its effect on a dependent variable |
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Term
| experimental manipulation |
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Definition
| the deliberate alteration of the independent variable in an experiment in order to learn about its effects on the dependent variable |
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Definition
| in an experimental design, the random placement of participants in either the experimental or control groups, ensuring that the groups are matched at the outset of the experiment |
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Term
| within-subject comparisons |
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Definition
| within a study, comparing data about each participant in one situation to data about the same participant in another situation |
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| between-subject comparison |
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Definition
| within a study, comparing one group of individuals to a different group |
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Definition
| the characteristic of a study that allows us to conclude that the manipulation of the independent variable caused the observed changes in the dependent variable |
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Definition
| the process in which the conclusion reached by an experiment is tested by other scientists to see if they reach the same conclusion |
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Definition
| a repetition of an experiment that yields the same results |
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Definition
| a statistical technique for combining the results of many studies on a particular topic, even when the studies used different data collection methods |
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Definition
| a research participant's agreement to take part in the study, based on full information about what the experiment will involve |
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Definition
| a step at the end of an experiment in which the researcher explains the study's purpose and design to each participant and undoes any manipulations to participants' beliefs or states. |
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Term
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Definition
| structures in the nucleus of each cell that contain the genes, the units of hereditary transmission. A human cell has 46 __________ arranged in 23 pairs. |
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Term
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) |
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Definition
| the complex molecule that is the constituent of genes |
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Term
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Definition
| a section of a DNA molecule that contains instructions for how and when to assemble a protein. _____ are located on chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| every cell contains a copy of the same 46 chromosomes but are capable of different tasks because within each cell, the genes are not active all the time |
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Definition
| the complete set of an organism's genes |
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Definition
| the overt characteristics and behaviors of an organism |
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Definition
| an alternative form of a specific gene |
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Term
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Definition
| a term for a gene that directs the development of a particular characteristic even when the corresponding gene on the other chromosome is different -- i.e., some other allele |
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Term
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Definition
| a term for a gene that directs the development of a particular characteristic only if the corresponding gene on the other chromosome matches it -- i.e., is the same allele |
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Definition
| a relationship in which both genes in the pair effect the phenotype (blood type - if a person inherits allele for blood type A from one parent and B from the other, the person will end up with blood type AB) |
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Term
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Definition
| a pattern in which many genes all influence a single trait |
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Definition
| the influences within an organism's lifetime that led to its particular traits or behaviors |
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Definition
| the reasons why, over many years of evolution, a particular trait or behavior helped members of a population to survive and reproduce |
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Definition
| the mechanism that drives biological evolution |
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Definition
| the mistaken notion that anything "natural" in natural selection must be "good" |
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Definition
| errors in the replication of DNA |
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Definition
| the process in which organisms, through their own behaviors, alter the environment and create their own circumstances |
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Definition
| pertaining to just one species |
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Definition
| pertaining to all organisms in a species |
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Definition
| twins that develop from two different eggs that are simultaneous fertilized by two sperm |
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Definition
| twins that develop from a single fertilized egg that then splits in half - twins will be genetically identical |
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Term
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Definition
| the proportion of the variance of a trait that is due to genetic differences |
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Term
| environment of evolutionary adaptiveness |
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Definition
| the environment that was in place when a trait was evolving |
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Term
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Definition
| a mating pattern in which one male and one female form an enduring reproductive partnership |
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Definition
| a mating system in which a member of one sex mates with several members of the opposite sex |
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Definition
| multidisciplinary effort that seeks to understand the nature, function and origins of the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized cell in the nervous system that accumulates and transmits information |
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Term
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Definition
| the means through which individual neurons communicate with each other |
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Term
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Definition
| branched part of a neuron that receives impulses and conducts them toward the cell body |
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Term
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Definition
| the portion of the neuron containing the metabolic machinery that keeps the cell alive and functional; also contains nucleus of neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of a neuron that transmits impulses to glands, muscles, or other neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| nerves that carry messages outward from the central nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| nerves that carry messages inward toward the central nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| neurons that are neither afferent nor efferent, but instead carry information from one neuron to another |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of cell in the nervous system long believed to provide a "support" function for neurons; recent research indicates that these cells provide other functions as well |
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Term
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Definition
| myelinated axons traversing long distances either within the brain or to and from the body |
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Term
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Definition
| cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons |
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Term
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Definition
| a brief change in the electrical charge of a neuronal membrane; the physical basis of the signal that travels the length of the neuron - sodium flows out and potassium flows in |
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Term
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Definition
| the voltage difference between the inside and outside of a neuronal membrane when the neuron is not firing |
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Term
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Definition
| the voltage difference between a neuron's interior and exterior that, if exceeded, causes the neuron to fire; about -55 millivolts |
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Term
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Definition
| time after an action potential during which the cell membrane is unprepared for the next action potential |
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Term
| propagation of the action potential |
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Definition
| action potentials trigger, which leads to more action potentials triggering, which allows depolarization to move down the neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| a neuron will fire regardless of whether the stimulus just meets the threshold or greatly exceeds it |
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Term
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Definition
| the small gap between two adjacent neurons, consisting of the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons' membranes the space between them |
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Term
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Definition
| cell that sends the message |
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Term
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Definition
| chemicals released by one neuron which trigger a response in another neuron; the chief means of communication among neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| the presynaptic neuron's process of reabsorbing its own neurotransmitters after signaling so that they can be released again the next time the neuron fires |
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Term
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Definition
| transmitter molecules will affect the postsynaptic neuron only if it has exactly the right shape to fit in the receptor molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that enhance a neurotransmitter's activity |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that impede the activity of a neurotransmitter |
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Term
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Definition
| substances produced naturally within the body that provide a way for the nervous system to control its own functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| chemicals introduced from outside the body |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized membranes that surround the blood vessels within the brain and filter harmful chemicals out of the brain's blood supply |
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Term
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Definition
| system of glands that release secretions directly into the bloodstream and affect organs elsewhere in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical released by a gland; travel through the bloodstream and influence functions such as metabolic rate, arousal level, and liver's sugar output |
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Term
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Definition
| monitoring individual neurons; |
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Term
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Definition
| using microelectrodes to record the activity of multiple individual cells, with computer analyses determining patterns across the cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the effort to gain insights into the brain's function by closely examining individuals who have suffered some form of brain damage |
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Term
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Definition
| disruption of language use caused by brain damage |
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Term
| transcranial magnetic stimulation |
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Definition
| the technique of applying repeated magnetic stimulation at the surface of the skull to temporarily stimulate or disable a target brain region |
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Term
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Definition
| a record of the brain's electrical activity by placing electrodes on the scalp |
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Term
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Definition
| electrical changes in the brain that correspond to the brain's response to a specific event; measured with an EEG |
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Term
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Definition
| a technique for examining brain structure by constructing a composite of X-ray images taken from many angles |
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Term
| MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) |
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Definition
| a neuroimaging technique that documents the effects of strong magnetic pulses on the molecules that make up brain tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| a technique for examining brain function by observing the amount of metabolic activity in different brain regions |
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Term
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Definition
| a technique for examining brain function by measuring blood flow and oxygen use within the brain |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
| afferent and efferent nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord to connect them with the organs and muscles. Virtually all of the nerves in the ______ connect to the CNS via the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the skeletal muscles and transmits sensory information |
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Term
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Definition
| division of the peripheral nervous system that receives information from and controls the internal organs |
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Term
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Definition
| division of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes the organism for physical exertion |
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Term
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Definition
| division of the autonomic nervous system that restores the body's normal resting state and conserves energy |
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Term
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Definition
| brain region at the top of the spinal cord that includes the medulla and the pons |
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Term
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Definition
| bottom of brain stem - controls breathing and blood circulation |
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Term
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Definition
| controls attentiveness and helps govern the timing of sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the brain that controls muscular coordination and equilibrium |
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Term
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Definition
| largest part of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| outermost lay of the forebrain |
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Term
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Definition
| deepest groove in brain; divides brain into left and right cerebral hemispheres |
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Definition
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Definition
| area at the front of each cerebral hemisphere - includes tissue crucial for many aspects of planning and controlling thoughts and behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the area in each cerebral hemisphere that lies between the frontal and occipital lobes; includes tissue crucial for receiving information from the skin senses |
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Term
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Definition
| the area in each cerebral hemisphere lying below the temples; includes tissue crucial for hearing and many aspects of language use |
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Term
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Definition
| the rearmost area of each cerebral hemisphere; includes tissue crucial for processing visual information |
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Definition
| a subcortical structure that plays a vital role in controlling many motivated behaviors, like eating, drinking, and sexual activity |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of interconnected structures that are crucial for emotion, motivation, and many aspects of learning and memory |
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Term
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Definition
| a temporal lobe structure that plays a pivotal role in learning and forming new memories |
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Term
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Definition
| functional differences between the two cerebral hemispheres |
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Term
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Definition
| thick bundles of fibers that carry information back and forth between the two hemispheres |
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Term
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Definition
| language skills and inferences - which hemisphere? |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to recognize faces and patterns - which hemisphere? |
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Term
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Definition
| receive and interpret information from sense organs |
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Definition
| control behaviors and movements |
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Term
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Definition
| areas of the brain involved in "thinking" |
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Term
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Definition
| the typical pattern in vertebrates in which movements of the right side of the body are controlled by the left hemisphere, while movements of the left side are controlled by the right hemisphere |
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Term
| primary somatosensory projection area |
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Definition
| initial receiving area for sensory information arriving from their skin senses |
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Term
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Definition
| a serious disturbance in beginning or carrying out voluntary movements |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to recognize a visual stimulus despite the ability to see and describe it |
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Term
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Definition
| damage to both temporal and parietal lobes leads to trouble recognizing faces, even very familiar faces or reflections of one's own face |
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Term
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Definition
| the result of certain right parietal lobe lesions that leave a patient completely inattentive to stimuli to her left, including the left side of her own body |
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Term
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Definition
| any of a number of linguistic disorders caused by injury to or malformation of the brain |
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Term
| nonfluent aphasia or Broca's aphasia |
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Definition
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Term
| fluent aphasia or Wernicke's aphasia |
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Definition
| aphasia of speech comprehension |
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Term
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Definition
| the frontmost portion of the frontal lobes, involved in working memory, strategy information, and response inhibition |
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Term
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Definition
| processes such as making plans or overriding habitual responses that let the brain direct its own cognitive activities |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to repeat a response inappropriately |
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Term
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Definition
| the capacity for the brain to alter its structure and function |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an object or event in the outside world |
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Definition
| the energies from the outside world that directly reach our sense organs |
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Definition
| an approach to perception that relates the characteristics of physical stimuli to the sensory experiences they produce |
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Term
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Definition
| the smallest quantity of a stimulus that an individual can detect |
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Term
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Definition
| also known as the JND, the smallest amount that a given stimulus must be increased or decreased so that an individual can notice the difference |
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Term
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Definition
| the observation that the size of the difference threshold is proportional to the intensity of the standard stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| the observation that the strength of a sensation is proportional to the logarithm of physical stimulus intensity |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism's ability to detect a signal |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism's rule for how much evidence it needs before responding |
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Term
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Definition
| the theory that perceiving or not perceiving a stimulus is actually a judgment about whether a momentary sensory experience is due to background noise alone or background noise plus a signal |
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Term
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Definition
| the process through which a physical stimulus is converted into a signal within the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| the process through which the nervous system represents the qualities of the incoming stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| the difference between a bright light and a dim one, or a subtle scent of cinnamon in contrast to a dense cloud of the smell |
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Term
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Definition
| how the nervous system represents the difference between, say, vision and hearing; can also be how it represents the difference between a high-pitched note and a low one, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| the proposal that different sensory qualities are signaled by different quality-specific neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| the proposal that different sensory qualities are encoded by specific patterns of firing among the relevant neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which the sensitivity to a stimulus declines if the stimulus is presented for an extended period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| sensations generated by receptors in the muscles, tendons, and joints that inform us of our skeletal movement |
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Term
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Definition
| sensations generated in the semicircular canals of the inner ear that inform us about the head's orientation and movements |
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Term
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Definition
| group of senses, including pressure, warmth, cld, and pain, through which we gain information about our immediate surroundings |
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Term
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Definition
| receptors in the skin that give rise to the sense of pain; they respond to various forms of tissue damage and to temperature extremes |
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Term
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Definition
| allow rapid transmission of information and are responsible for the pain you experience when you're first injured |
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Term
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Definition
| unmyelinated, which leads to slower transmission; source of dull aching pain |
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Term
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Definition
| the proposal that pain sensations must pass through a neural "gate" in order to reach the brain and can be blocked at that gate by neurons that inhibit signals from nociceptors |
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Term
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Definition
| a mucous membrane at the top of the nasal cavity; contains the olfactory receptor neurons that respond to airborne molecules called odorants |
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Term
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Definition
| sites in the brain's olfactory bulb where signals from the smell receptors converge |
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Term
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Definition
| biologically produced odorants that convey information to other members of the species |
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Definition
| structures on the tongue that contain the taste buds, which in turn contain taste receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| people with more papillae than other people |
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Term
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Definition
| successive pressure variations in the air that vary in amplitude and wavelength |
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Term
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Definition
| a wave that corresponds exactly to the plot of the trigonometric sine function |
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Term
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Definition
| the height of a wave crest, used (in the case of sound waves) as a measure of sound intensity |
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Term
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Definition
| measurement of the distance between one crest and next |
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Term
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Definition
| measurement of time between one crest and next |
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Definition
| the number of wave peaks per second; governs the perceived pitch of the sound |
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Term
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Definition
| measurement of sound intensity |
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Term
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Definition
| measurement of frequency of a sound wave; cycles per second |
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Term
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Definition
| the coiled structure in the inner ear that contains the basilar membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| the taut membrane that transmits the vibrations caused by sound waves from the auditory canal to the ossicles in the middle ear |
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Term
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Definition
| the membrane separating the middle ear from the inner ear |
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Term
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Definition
| the three bones of the middle ear that transmit the vibrations of the eardrum to the oval window |
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Term
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Definition
| a membrane running the length of the cochlea - sound waves cause a deformation of this membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| auditory receptors in the cochlea and thus stimulating the auditory receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| a proposal about pitch perception stating that regions of the basilar membrane and other membranes above |
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Term
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Definition
| the quality of a sound apart from its pitch or loudness |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to determine where a sound is coming from |
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Term
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Definition
| a frequency of sound to which a certain neuron will respond more vigorously than it will to any other frequency |
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Term
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Definition
| a map organized on the basis of tone |
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Term
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Definition
| a light-sensitive cell located on the retina that converts light energy into neural impulses |
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Term
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Definition
| the image of an object that is projected on the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| smooth, circular muscle surrounding the papillary opening |
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Term
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Definition
| photoreceptors in the retina that respond to lower light intensities and give rise to achromatic sensations |
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Term
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Definition
| visual receptors that respond to greater light intensities and give rise to chromatic sensations |
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Term
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Definition
| area roughly at retina's center where cones are plentiful and visual acuity is greatest |
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Term
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Definition
| the bundle of fibers that proceeds from each retina to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| region where axons of ganglion cells exit; no photoreceptors |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical in the photoreceptors that changes its form in response to light, producing an electrical change that signals to the nervous system that light is present |
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Term
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Definition
| effect that makes a stimulus look much brighter on a dark background than on a bright one |
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Term
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Definition
| amplification of brightness boundaries by the visual system |
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Term
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Definition
| the pattern of interaction among neurons in the visual system in which activity in one neuron inhibits adjacent neurons sideways |
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Term
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Definition
| the attribute that distinguishes blue from green from red; also the attribute shared by various shades of the same color |
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Term
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Definition
| the dimension of color that differentiates black from white and distinguishes the grays in between |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| human color vision is trichromatic - based on three elements, each tied to one type of cone |
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Term
| simultaneous color contrast |
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Definition
| the tendency of any chromatic region in the visual field to induce a complementary color in adjoining areas |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory of color vision that proposes three pairs of color antagonists: red-green, blue-yellow, black-white |
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Term
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Definition
| for a particular cell in the visual system, the pattern of retinal stimulation that most effectively causes the cell to fire |
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Term
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Definition
| neurons in the retina or brain that respond to specific attributes of the stimulus, such as movement, orientation, and so on |
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Term
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Definition
| a theoretical approach that emphasizes the role of organized wholes in perception and other psychological processes |
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Term
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Definition
| a principle by which we tend to group like figures, especially by color and orientation |
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Term
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Definition
| in perception, the closeness of two figures |
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Term
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Definition
| a factor in visual grouping; we tend to perceive contours in a way that alters their direction as little as possible |
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Term
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Definition
| perceived contours that do not exist physically - we tend to complete figures that have gaps in them by perceiving a contour as continuing along its original path |
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Term
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Definition
| a visual pattern that easily allows for more than one interpretation |
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Term
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Definition
| a task in which participants are asked to determine whether a specified target is present within a field of stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| a model of pattern recognition involving a network of detectors and having feature detectors as the networks starting point |
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Term
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Definition
| simple geometric figures, such as cubes, cylinders, and pyramids, that can be combined to form all other shapes |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that are particularly suited to perceiving color and form |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that are particularly suited to motion and depth |
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Term
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Definition
| cells analyzing the forms do their work at the same time that other cells are analyzing the motion and still others the colors |
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Term
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Definition
| the visual pathway leading from the visual cortex to the temporal lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| the visual pathway leading from the visual cortex to the parietal lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| problem confronted by the brain of recombining the elements of a stimulus, given the fact that these elements are initially analyzed separately by different neural systems |
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Definition
| different groups of neurons firing in synchrony with each other to identify which sensory elements belong together |
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| the accurate perception of certain attributes of a distal object, such as its shape, size, and brightness, despite changes in the proximal stimulus caused by variations in our viewing circumstances |
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Definition
| correctly perceiving the sizes of objects in the world despite the changes in retinal image size created by changes in viewing distance |
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| we correctly perceive the shapes of objects despite changes in the retinal image created by shifts in our viewing angle |
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| correctly perceive the brightness of objects where they're illuminated by dim light or strong sun |
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| sources of information that signal the distance from the observer to the distal stimulus |
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Definition
| a depth cue based on the differences between the two eyes' views of the world. |
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| features of the visual stimulus that indicate distance even if the stimulus is viewed with only one eye |
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| patterns that can be represented on a flat surface in order to create a sense of a three-dimensional object or scene |
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Definition
| a monocular cue to distance that relies on the fact that objects farther away are blocked from view by a closer object |
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Definition
| a cue for distance based on the fact that parallel lines seem to converge as they get farther away from the viewer |
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| a depth cue based on the fact that, as an observer moves, the retinal images of nearby objects move more rapidly than do the retinal images of objects farther away |
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Definition
| change in our visual field as we move toward an object |
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Definition
| cells in the visual cortex that are sensitive to an image moving in a particular direction across the retina |
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Definition
| the perception of movement produced by stimuli that are stationary but are presented first at one position and then, at an appropriate time interval, presented at a different position |
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Definition
| perceived movement of a stationary stimulus, usually caused by movement of a surrounding framework or nearby objects |
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Definition
| as your view changes, the perceptual task of determining which aspects of the current view correspond to which aspects of the view seen a moment ago |
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Definition
| a search in which a target is defined by a combination of features |
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Definition
| a pattern of errors in which observers correctly perceive the features present in a display, such as color and shape, but misperceive how they were combined |
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Definition
| the process through which a detector or portion of the nervous system is prepared for an upcoming input, making it easier for the participant to recognize that input |
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Definition
| once you see a stimulus, you'll perceive it more efficiently the next time you see it |
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Term
| expectations-based priming |
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Definition
| if you think you're going to see the word CAT, you will prime the appropriate detectors; however, if you guessed incorrectly, you will be less prepared to see the word that does come up |
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| a decline in the response to a stimulus once the stimulus has become familiar; don't notice airplanes constantly flying over Georgetown once you've been there for more than two weeks |
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| an increase in response to a stimulus caused by a change in something familiar |
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| a response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior training |
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Definition
| a stimulus that reliably triggers a particular response without prior training |
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| a response elicited by an initially neutral stimulus |
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Definition
| an initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a new response due to pairings with the unconditioned stimulus |
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Definition
| a form of learning in which one stimulus is paired with another so that the organism learns a relationship between the stimuli |
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Term
| second-order conditioning |
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Definition
| a form of learning in which a neutral stimulus is first made meaningful through classical conditioning. Then, that stimulus is paired with a new, neutral stimulus until the new stimulus also elicits the conditioned response |
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Definition
| the weakening of a learned response that is produced if a conditioned stimulus is now repeatedly present without the unconditioned stimulus |
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Definition
| the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period in which no further conditioning trials have been presented |
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Definition
| exposing someone to something they are afraid of multiple times in a comfortable setting to help them get over their fear |
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| the tendency for stimuli similar to those used during learning to elicit a reaction similar to the learned response |
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Definition
| greater the difference between new stimulus and original CS, weaker the CR will be |
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Definition
| an aspect of learning in which the organism learns to respond differently to stimuli that have been associated with a US (or reinforcement), and stimuli that have not |
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Definition
| a stimulus signaling that an event is not coming, which elicits a response opposite to the one that the event usually elicits |
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| CS and US arrive close to each other in time |
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| CS provides information about the arrival of the US |
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| a result showing that an animal learns nothing about a stimulus if the stimulus provides no new information |
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| a response that offsets the effects of the upcoming unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
| instrumental/operant conditioning |
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Definition
| a form of learning in which the participant receives a reinforcer only after performing the desired response, and thereby learns a relationship between the response and the reinforcer |
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Definition
| Thorndike's theory that a response followed by a reward will be strengthened, whereas a response followed by no reward will be weakened |
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Definition
| in Skinner's system, an instrumental response that is defined by its effect on the environment |
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Definition
| a stimulus delivered after a response that makes the response more likely |
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Definition
| external events that signal for an animal what sorts of behaviors will be rewarded in a given situation |
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Definition
| the process of eliciting a desired response by rewarding behaviors that are increasingly similar to that response |
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Definition
| food, water, escape from the scent of a predator, and so on |
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Definition
| a reinforcer that has repeatedly been paired with some other, already established reinforcer |
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Definition
| a response pattern in which an organism evaluates a reward relative to other available rewards or those that have been available recently |
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Definition
| a learning condition in which only some of the organism's responses are reinforced |
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Term
| schedule of reinforcement |
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Definition
| the rules about how often and under what conditions a response will be reinforced |
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Definition
| a pattern of delivering reinforcements only after a certain number of responses |
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Definition
| a pattern of delivering reinforcements only after a certain amount of time has passed |
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