Term
| Why is chromosomal DNA tighly wound during meiosis but not during interphase? |
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Definition
| during interphase the DNA needs to be able to be transcribed |
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Term
| Bacteria typically have ______ which eukaryotes have _______ (types of chromosomes) |
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Definition
| one circular chromosome, many linear chromosomes |
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Term
| compare the processes and outcomes of mitosis and meiosis |
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Definition
mitosis: 2N, 1D, 1S, 2N
meiosis: 2N, 1D, 2S, 1N |
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Term
| One of the differences between mitosis and Meiosis I is... |
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Definition
| homologous chromosome pairs synapse during meiosis, but not mitosis |
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Term
| Why is a signal transduction pathway that involves multiple steps in some ways better than a signaling pathway that uses direct coupling? |
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Definition
| both B and C...because a pathway with multiple steps can amplify the signal; because a pathway with multiple steps can be couple to multiple effectors instead of just one |
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Term
| Chemical messengers that are synthesized in response to a local stimulus and diffuse to neighboring target cells are: |
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Definition
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Term
| remember that bacteria produce restriction enzymes in their cytoplasm as a defense strategy against infection by bacteriophage. A bacterium's chromosomal DNA does not get chopped up by the restriction enzymes because... |
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Definition
| the bacterial DNA is chemically modified, which protects it from being cut by the restriction enzymes |
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Term
| If I wanted to close the gene encoding a protein that was found to be defective in skin tissues of a patient with a certain disease, why might it be smart to use a CDNA library made from skin cells rather than a cDNA library made from kidney epithelium? |
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Definition
| both A and C....because cDNA libraries include copies of only the genes expressed in a given cell type, and because the CDNA library from kidney epithelium MIGHT not include the CNDA encoding the protein of interest. |
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Term
| which of the following could be used for detection of genetic disorders? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are rapidly dividing cells particulary sensitive to DNA damage by chemical mutagens or radiation? |
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Definition
| because DNA repair enzymes need time to fix the damage before the cell divides. |
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Term
| During the response to infection by invading bacteria, how does the production of circulating (secreted) antibodies against a protein found on the surface of the bacterium help the body to clear the bacterial infection? |
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Definition
| Binding of antibodies to the surface of the bacterium helps macrophages enguld the bacteria |
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Term
| Immunoglobins (the B-cell receptor or secreted antibodies) are composed of _____, which are made of _______ chains |
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Definition
| tetramer, two heavy and two light |
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Term
| According to the clonal expansion (or clonal selection) theory, |
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Definition
| An antigen stimulates the proliferation of a specific group of B-cells |
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Term
| What tissue/organ is NOT affected directly by cystic fibrosis? |
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Definition
| Air-exchanger surface on the lung |
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Term
| What type of therapy would be of greatest benefit to a CF patient with either the delta F508 or the N1202K genotypes? |
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Definition
| B and D....drugs that promote proper folding and processing of the mutant protein; drugs that block the hyperactive sodium channel |
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Term
| Post-natal organisms contain some kinds of pluripotent stem cells, and many kinds of unipotent stem cells, because... |
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Definition
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Term
| Dolly, the first animal cloned, showed signs of agic much earlier than a normal Dorse sheep. WHy? |
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Definition
| the adult sheep that provided the nucleus for fusion with the egg was already damaged by mutations during the cell's lifetime, so the damage was passed to all of Dolly's cells |
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Term
| Which is the most likely mode of inheritance for the Nance-Horan syndrome (passed on by a mother who is a carrier to her son) |
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Definition
| recessive, sex-linked on X-chromosome |
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Term
| If John, who is phenotypic normal, has a brother with CF, what is the probability that John is a carrier of CF? |
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Definition
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Term
| Two brown labrador retrievers produce a litter of 3 brown males and a yellow female. the yellow female, when mated to abrown male, has a litter of 3 yellow female and two brown male. based on this you can conclude that.. |
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Definition
| Brown coat is dominant over yellow |
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Term
| In a species of fruit fly, purple eye color and curly wings result from autosomal mutations on different chromosomes. A purple eyed female... |
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Definition
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Term
| In the Meselson-Stahl experiment, the conservative model of DNA replication was ruled out by what observation? |
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Definition
| No completely heavy DNA is observed after the first round of replication |
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Term
| bacteria can exchange info even between species by... |
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Definition
| transduction, conjugation, transformation (all of the above) |
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Term
| if template DNA is 5'-AATGCCGAGAACTACATA-3' then what is the transcribed RNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| Equal segregation and individual assortment of Mendelian genes and allels correspond to behavior of chromosomes in: |
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Definition
| first division of Meiosis |
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Term
| Which of the following is not an ethical convern for human genetic testing? |
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Definition
| Ability to plan and prepare based on genetic information |
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Term
| using chargraff's rules, 20% A corresponds to how much G? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| all of the above....is expressed in cancer cells, not expressed in somatic cells, adds telomeric repeats to the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes |
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Term
| Hershey and Chase distiguished between phage DNA and protein by labeling DNA with ______ and protein with ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| the polymerase chain reaction requires: |
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Definition
| thermostable DNA polymerase, primers, deoxynucleotide triphosphates, a template DNA |
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Term
| the polymerase chain reaction does NOT require: |
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Definition
| flourescently labeled dideoxynucleotides |
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Term
| under what conditions will wild type e. coli cells fully transcribe the lac operon? in a medium with... |
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Definition
| no glucose, lots of lactose |
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Term
| under what conditions will E.coli that make no repressor protein fully transcribe the lac operon? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the major types of non-coding sequences in humans? |
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Definition
| intons, transposons, telomeric repeat sequences |
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