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| 97% oceans, 2.1% glaciers, 0.6% groundwater, 0.1% lakes and rivers, .001% clouds |
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Term
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| water is evaporated up from the ocean, rivers, lakes, to the clouds, the water vapor cools, rains back down on the landscape, funnels to rivers, lakes, flows back to ocean |
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| 25% of rainfall becomes groundwater |
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Definition
| something that prevents or obstructs the flow of water, very low permeability, and low porosity (shale or clay) |
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Definition
| flows down gradient, "down the slope of the water table"/ from high to low pressure, high area to low area |
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| layer with enough porosity and permeability to hold and yield water, layer capable of supplying enough groundwater at a useful rate |
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Definition
| area above the water table with space between the grains but no water |
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| spaces between grains are full of water |
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| area that is cone shaped where the use of a well or pump for water draws down the water table in the immediate area |
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Definition
| the line at which below groundwater can be pumped and used |
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| history of granville water supply |
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Definition
| people dug wells next to their houses for water but the wells were contaminated from the outhouses. Village water supply was founded in 1885 and pumped water from the well field up the hill. 1905- first sewage treatment plant founded. Granville solvents (1958-1980) leaked hazardous waste into the groundwater and took 6 years and court orders to close and over $6 million to clean up the surrounding area, river, and groundwater supply |
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| positives to river engineering |
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Definition
| less floods, makes areas habitable and developed |
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Term
| negatives to river engineering |
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Definition
| more violent floods, hurt the development and growth of plants and animals, nutrients don't get distributed, very expansive to keep working and in good shape |
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Term
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Definition
| a secondary water table that occurs above the normal water table because of an impermeable layer |
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Term
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Definition
| the area on the inside part of a meandering river that has a lot of sediment deposits |
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Term
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Definition
| the outside part of the meandering river turn where the river erodes away the bank and extends the river in that direction |
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| drawbacks to development on floodplains |
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Definition
| volume of floodplain decreases b/c buildings take up room, climate change, upstream development, farming and land use changes |
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Term
| Mississippi River changes |
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Definition
| built arms into the river to collect sediment and get the water to dig a deeper trench, shortened the river 150 miles by removing meanders, river ended up regaining 50 miles b/c it tried to slow itself down |
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Term
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Definition
| mass of ice that is moving due to forces of gravity. Takes 3 to 5 years for formation to begin |
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Term
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Definition
| cold enough (high latitude, high elevation), precipitation |
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Term
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Definition
| glaciers move from areas of accumulation to areas of melting. glacier moves like a conveyor belt carrying sediment to the edge and deposits it at the terminus where melting occurs |
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Definition
alpine glaciers-occupy valleys, bonded by valleys
continental glaciers-not bounded and cover large areas of land |
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Definition
| in a dynamic balance of melting and deposit |
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Term
| energy source of the climate system |
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Definition
| the sun is the primary energy source for the climate change |
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Term
| distribution of sunlight on earth |
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Definition
| 8%-deflected by atmosphere back into space, 42%-deflected by clouds into space, 47%-absorbed at earth's surface, 3%-reflected by snow and ground back to space |
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Term
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Definition
| energy enters earth in the visible light spectrum and the earth radiates energy in the infrared spectrum |
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Term
| mechanisms of climate change |
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Definition
| changes in surface area of oceans ( changes in sea level due to glaciation or rising of spreading ridge), changes in continental arrangements (isthmus of Panama) |
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| Things that can change the climate |
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Definition
| amount of CO2 or other greenhouse gases, changes in atmospheric reflectivity (amount of cloud cover), changes in solar radiation produced and received, changes in land surface properties (reflectivity) |
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| drivers of climate change |
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Definition
| amount of solar radiation is constant (not a factor), land surface properties (how much is reflected back to space ex: snow reflects more), atmospheric properties (how much solar energy gets through energy atmosphere to Earth's surface) |
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Term
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Definition
| carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxide, CFC's, bromine compounds (smaller amounts than CO2 but more potent) |
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Term
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Definition
| 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9% argon, 0.1% other |
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Term
| predictions of climate change |
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Definition
| temperature will increase by 0.5-2 C by 2050. Changes in precipitation (more evaporation means more rain, more clouds, more extreme and unevenly distributed weather) more draughts and more floods, rises in sea levels(20 cm-1 m in next 100 years), ocean acidification, more violent and frequent weather (hurricanes), adjust farming, spread of disease sue to warmer areas |
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Definition
| people originally thought the climate was fairly stable but it is very unstable |
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| ocean circulation based on temperature and salinity, changes in salinity or temperature change circulation. Colder water is more dense and cold water is more dense |
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| Climate Mitigation Strategies |
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Definition
| reduce carbon emissions, remove excess carbon from atmosphere, compensate for excess CO2 |
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| methods for reducing carbon emissions |
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Definition
| carbon capture at coal fired power plants, alternative (low carbon) energy ( solar, wind, nuclear, geothermal, hydropower) |
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| ways to remove CO2 from atmosphere |
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Definition
| mechanical removal of CO2 from atmosphere, more trees (less deforestation, reforestation), iron in the oceans (makes plankton grow and take in CO2) |
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Term
| ways to compensate for excess CO2 |
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Definition
| seeding clouds to make them reflective, pollute the atmosphere with sulfur dioxide |
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Term
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Definition
| all it takes to start a period of glaciation is a drop of 7-9 C. cooling leads to the growth of glaciers and ice sheets, ice sheets reflect more sunlight out to space further cooling the planet and causing the ice sheets to grow |
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Definition
| deposits from the front edge of the glacier |
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| deposits at the bottom of the glacier from melting |
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| sediment that has been sorted and deposited in front of a glacier from melt water |
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| all glacial material found anywhere |
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Definition
| poorly sorted sediment deposited from the melt of glacial ice |
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Term
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Definition
| large streamlined hills of till and bedrock that parallel the direction of ice movement |
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Definition
| small hills of sand and gravel created when drift fills a hole in a glacier and is left behind when the glacier recedes |
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Definition
| hollows or undrained depressions with steep sides and are now lakes |
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| long, narrow, winding ridges of sand and gravel found in the middle of ground moraines |
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| pair of layers formed in one year by seasonal freezing of the lake surface. Coarse material settles out in the summer and in the winter with freezing, the finer material settles out |
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Definition
| an area where a glacier has cut down below the water table and when the glacier recedes it fills with water |
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Definition
| form when large areas of groundwater erode the subsurface leading to the ground caving in |
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Definition
| an irregular hilly terrain with sinkholes, caverns, and a lack of surface streams. A large network of underground drainage channels |
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| groundwater contamination |
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Definition
| lead pollution, radioactive waste, microorganisms, other human contaminants (solvents, pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers) |
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Definition
| channel divides into an interlacing network or channels that then rejoin |
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Term
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Definition
| the pattern formed from the deposition of materials as a river meets an ocean, lake, or large sea |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of one river into smaller river (opposite from normal) |
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Definition
| deposition of large amounts of sediment in cone or fan shaped accumulations |
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Term
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Definition
| the slope from high elevation to low over the distance from the source to the mouth of a river. Is similar for all streams smaller or very large b/c all streams run downhill with most of the erosion taking place in the steep area near the source |
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Term
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Definition
| when a stream is in equilibrium with slope, velocity, and discharge combining to result in neither sedimentation or erosion |
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