• Treats osteoporosis, ED, and obesity 

• Decreases osteoclast activity
• Increases osteoblast activity
• Inhibits cholesterol biosynthetic pathway

• Treats HIV/AIDS
• Decreases transmission of HIV to unborn child of affected mother

• Nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitor

• SE: Anemia, neutropenia (low wbc count), hepatotoxicity, cardio/myopathy

• Oral antiepileptic drug
• Used if 1st line drugs do not work

• Prevents the breakdown of GABA in the brain; calms nerve activity

• SE: vision loss, headache, fatigue, dizziness

Mech: Opens disulfide linkages in mucus, making it less viscous

Treatment for acute and chronic pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis

Also the antidote for tylenol

SE: Bronchospasm

Mech: a bisphosphonate, selective inhibitor of demineralization resorption

Used in treatment of osteoporosis

SE: nausea, conjunctivitis, Gi ulceration (may be made worse if taken with aspirin)

-Treats gout

-Xanthine oxidase inhibitor, thereby inhibiting uric acid production

SE: rash

• Antidepressant

• SNRI

• Do not use with MAOI

A benzodiazepine, increases the action of GABA

Used to treat Generalized Anxiety Disorder and insomnia

SE: potential for abuse/dependence

• Treats ED

• Phosphodiesterase inhibitor
• Increases blood flow

Treats Parkinsons as well as Influenza A (off label)

-increases dopamine release and decreases dopamine reuptake, an NMDA antagonist

• Antibiotic

• Treats colitis

• SE: tinnitus, hearing loss, flu-like symptoms, nausea

Anti-arrhythmic agent, a potassium channel blocker (Class III)

-Treats chronic or acute cardiac arrhythmia

SE: Whorl like corneal deposits, lens deposits, lung disease, discoloration of the skin, 

• Treats bipolar disorder/mania

• Histone deacetylase inhibitor

• SE: fetal toxicity (teratotoxicity), suicide

• Anti-viral
• Treats herpes simplex/zoster
• Prophylaxis for immunocompromised pts

• PROdrug; DNA polymerase inhibitor

• SE: nausea/vomiting, dizziness, diarrhea

A TCA (Tricyclic Antidepressant)

-treat depression and/or mood disorders

SE: Drowsiness, dizziness, dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, weight gain, increase in suicidal thoughts. 

Should not be taken with MAOIs

• Anticholinergic

• Ophthalmic solution: quick-acting mydriasis

• SE: stinging, increase in IOP, blurred vision

A Short acting barbituate

Short term relief of insomnia, anti-anxiety

SE: Addiction

Antibiotic

-Inhibits cross-linkage of peptidoglycan, inhibiting cell wall synthesis and growth of both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. 

SE: Allergic reaction, diarrhea, nephritis, neurotoxicity, hematologic toxicity, cation toxicity

• Anti-viral
• Inhibits DNA synthesis

• Ophthalmic solution: treats herpes keratitis

• SE: blurry vision, ocular irritiation, redness, swelling

Anti-fungal-systemic/subcutaneous

Disrupts ergosterol, forming pores in cell walls causing death. 

SE: fever, chills, kidney failure, anemia

SE can be lessened with anti-histamine

Should not be taken with ketoconazole

-a short acting benzodiazepine (GABA agonist)

-treats insomnia

SE:

• Anti-inflammatory
• Synthetic glucocorticoid

• Treats ocular inflammatory conditions (uveitis)

• SE: flu-like symptoms, itchy rash, dizziness

Antibiotic

-inhibits transpeptidases and thus cell wall synthesis

SE: allergic reactions, diarrhea, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, hematologic and cation toxicity

An injectable dopamine agonist

-used to treat Parkinsons

-also a potent emetic

Antidepressant

-SSRI

-also has anxiolytic and hypnotic effects

-SE: dry mouth, constipation, tachycardia, sexual dysfunction

-less SE than TCAs

Alpha 2 Adrenergic Agonist

Glaucoma Med

-may be used in diagnosis of Horner's syndrome

-short term use only

• Centrally-acting analgesic

• Treats moderate pain

• SE: hallucinations, agitation, increased heart rate, seizure, nausea, fainting

Anti-malarial

-Acts against the blood form, for resistant strains

SE: can cause hemolytic anemia in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

• Anti-biotic-aminoglycoside
• Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis
• Destabilizes bacterial membrane

• Treats pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infections

• SE: tinnitus, dizziness, difficulty breathing, muscle weakness, rash

Cholinergic Antagonist

-Causes mydriasis

Bacteriocidal-inhibits B-lactamases and cell wall synthesis

Penicillin derived

-Broad spectrum

Can cause Tendonitis in children

Other SE: diarrhea, vomiting, rash, contact dermatitis, thrush, 

Inhibits purine synthesis

-Treats rheumatoid arthritis, given to organ transplant recipients

SE:-bone marrow suppression, hepatotoxicity, thrombocytopenia (low platelets), anemia, neoplasm

• Anti-spasmodic
• Alpha-2 agoinist
• Inhibits neurotransmission

• Nonspecific beta-blocker
• Reduces aqueous humor production

• Relieves increased IOP, open-angle glaucoma, ocular hypertension

• SE: stinging, dry/itchy eyes, headache, photophobia, nausea

Macrolide class Antibiotic

Interferes with 50s ribosomal subunit, inhibiting protein synthesis

Antibiotic (respiratory and STD infections)

SE: upset stomach, diarrhea, nausea, mild rash

Injectable antibiotic-monobactam class (only one in class)

-Inhibits cell wall synthesis, resistant to b-lactamases

-treatment of Gram negative infections

• Anti-psychotic (anti-schiz)

• Blocks dopamine D1 and D2 receptors, as well as histamine, adrenergic and cholinergic receptors

• SE: retinitis pigmentosa, arrythmias, tardive dyskinesia

Antibiotic-effective against gram positive bacteria

-too strong to be given in any form other than topical

-destroys bacterial cell wall

-treatment of infectious blepharitis, corneal ulcers

• "Truth serum"
• An ultra-short acting barbituate general anesthetic

-Muscle relaxant

-GABA agonist

-treat muscle spasms

SE: drowsiness, HA, seizures, nausea, vomiting, low BP, constipation, confusion, insomnia

• Anti-fungal

• Treats athlete's foot

• Estrogen receptor antagonist

• Helps treat breast cancer
• Prophylaxis

• SE: retinal deposits, optic neuritis

Topical Glucocorticoid

-anti-inflammatory and immunosuppresive properties

-treatment of allergic reactions like poison ivy, stops itching

• Treats ED as well as pulmonary arterial hypertension

• Phosphodiesterase inhibitor

• SE: flushing, headache, myalgia, dyspepsia (GI issues)

Selective B1 Blocker

-Treatment of acute angle glaucoma (reduces IOP)

SE: swelling, pain, redness in the eye, light sensitivity, fever, headache

• Immunosuppressant, 
• A selective inhibitor of cytokine production  and function
• may be used as a treatment for dry eye once approved
• blocks calcineurin, can cause insulin-independent diabetes

Glycopeptide Antibiotic, causes breaks in DNA

Anti cancer treatment, Hodgekins lymphoma, 

SE: Lung Fibrosis

• Uricosuric agent: increase of uric acid excreted in urine

• Competitively inhibits renal tubular reabsorption of uric acid

• SE: GI upset, rash

• Treats type 2 diabetes

• Inhibits dipeptidyl peptidase; controls blood glucose levels

• SE: anaphylaxis, angioedema, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, pancreatitis

Inhibits Acetylcholine release

A muscle relaxant, also used in eye alignment

A Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor 

-Lowers IOP in patients with Open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension

SE: Red eye, swelling, light sensitivity, fever, headache

• Treats ED, as well as pulmonary arterial hypertension

• Phosphodiesterase inhibitor

• Relaxes blood vessels/increases blood flow

Dopamine Agonist

-Dopamine inhibits prolactin, so in turn Bromocriptine also inhibits prolactin secretion

Treat Parkinsons and hyperprolactinemia

SE: Nausea, asthenia, HA, dizziness, constipation, diarrhea, amblyopia, GI upset, hypoglycemia, hypotension

• Treats Parkinson's

• MAObI
• Inhibits the breakdown of dopamine

• Muscarinic (cholinergic) antagonist

• Cycloplegic mydriatic
• Dilating drug

• Can help with motion sickness

• Treats type 2 diabetes

• Thiazolidinedione class of drug
• Reduces insulin resistence by regulating gene expression
• long duration action!!

• SE: macular edema, fluid retention/edema, weight gain, anemia, toxicity

Inhibits uptake of NE and DA (mechanism unknown)

-treats depression, also a stop-smoking aid, 

SE: increased risk of suicide, dry mouth, insomnia, headache, constipation, tremors

Not to be taken with MAOIs

• 2nd generation anti-psychotic
• Also used as anti-emetic, anti-schiz (+ and - symptoms), and to treat biopolar disorder and autism

• Blocks dopamine and serotonin receptors both centrally and peripherally

• SE: seizures, hyperprolactinemia, urinary retention

-a Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor

-relieves sexual side effects caused by other SSRIs.

1st Generation Anti-epileptic

Treats Bipolar as well

Inhibits Glutamate receptors

May increase risk of suicide

Treatment of Parkinsons

-Inhibits metabolism of Levadopa in the periphery

 (must be taken with Levadopa to be effective)

• Ophthalmic corticosteroid

• Anti-inflammatory after ocular surgery; treats anterior uveitis

• SE: increased IOP, optic neuritis, VA, field defects, cataracts

• Do not use during active eye infection

• Antibacterial against mycobacterium
• 1st line of treatment for active TB
• Treat leprosy

• Inhibits RNA synthesis

• SE: hepatotoxicity, oral thrush, red body fluids, menstrual changes

3rd generation Cephalosporin Antibiotic

Inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis, since the cells own autolytic enzymes still break down some of the cell wall for growth, this results in cell death.

-has a long half life-injection 1/day

-treat gonorrhea, bacterial meningitis, systemic bacterial infections etc. 

- SE:hyperbilirubinemia in infants, hemolytic anemia, prothrombin deficiency

• Anti-viral
• Treats Hep C, hantavirus, lassa fever, severe respiratory syncytial virus (flu-like)

• Viral mRNA interferance

• Treats osteoporosis and breast cancer

• Selective estrogen receptor antagonist/modulator

• SE: hot flashes, leg cramps

-an NSAID used to treat pain and inflammation, arthritis and menstrual pain

-SE GI problems, possibly cardiovascular problems if taken long term

-contraindicated for pregnant women

• Anti-malarial

• Kills the asexual erythrocytic stage of infection

Cephalosporin antibiotic

-inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis

-treatment of upper respiratory, ear, skin and urinary tract infections

SE: diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain, headaches, dizziness, skin rash, fever

• 2nd generation, atypical anti-psychotic
• Also treats bipolar disorder

• 1st line of treatment - lower risk for Parkinsonism and tardive dyskinesia

• SE: cataract development, lenticular changes, weight gain, metabolic changes

• Treats TB

• Bacteriostatic, but can be -cidal on rapidly replicating TB

• Treats HYPERthyroidism

• Thyroid hormone synthesis inhibitor

A benzodiazepine

Sedative, hypnotic, short term treatment for anxiety, also for alcohol withdrawal syndrome

• Ester topical local anesthetic (ophthalmic)

• Rapid onset, lasts 15-20 mins

• SE: stinging, irritation, contact dermatitis

• Treats gout

• Increase uric acid excretion
• Prevents reabsorption of uric acid in the kidneys

A phenothiazine- First generation Anti-psychotic and anti-emetic, Schizophrenia treatment

-Deposits on corneal endothelium & anterior lens, discoloration of conjunctivitis and lid dermis

• Anti-malarial

• Eliminates tissue infection

• SE: GI issues, anemia, leukopenia (low wbc)

• 1st line anti-inflammatory corticosteroid (glucocorticoid)

• Treats uveitis due to RA, contact dermatitis

• SE: increased IOP, cataracts, hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, hypertension, peptic ulcers, osteoporosis, slower wound healing

• Ketone-based corticosteroid

• Reduces inflammation
• Treats uveitis and episcleritis

• SE: increase in IOP, GI issues

Bacteriostatic

-inhibits protein synthesis by inhibiting ribosomal translocation 

-Bacterial infection treatment (skin, lung, blood etc.)

-also topical acne cream

SE: diarrhea, vomiting, joint pain, heartburn

• Treats atopic dermatitis

• Inhibits calcineurin, thus inhibiting T-cell activation
• Prevents release of inflammatory cytokines from mast cells

• Muscarinic agonist

• Causes myosis

• Indirect Cholinergic Agonist
• Cholinesterase inhibitor

• Indirect-acting miotic drug
• Treats glaucoma (increase outflow of aqueous humor) and Alzheimer's
• Antidote to atropine overdose

• 1st generation anti-epileptic
• Can also help with Parkinson's and Alzheimer's

• Blocks Na+ channels

• Anti-bacterial

• Injected or IV

• Treats severe infections of penecillin-susceptible organisms

• Inhibits cell wall biosynthesis

A long acting benzodiazepine

-muscle relaxant

-treatment of epilepsy, anxiety, panic disorders

• Treats copper/lead toxicity

• Binds to metal followed by urinary excretion

Anti-fungal

-binds to phospholipids in fungal cell membrane, affecting permeability

-treatment of cutaneous fungal infections (yeast, foot, mouth, skin, vaginal)

SE: Hepatic complications, skin irritation, nausea and vomiting

• Anti-viral

• Flu vaccine

• Inhibits viral neuraminidase
• Inhibits the release of virus

• Anti-emetic

• Selective serotonin receptor antagonist

• Used for cancer pts undergoing chemo/radiation therapy

• SE: headache, dizziness, diarrhea, hypersensitivity

• Growth hormone receptor inhibitor

-activates mu opioid receptor

-analgesic, narcotic,hypnotic, antiperistaltic

-Schedule 3 drug, often given with aspirin or acetaminophen

SE: constipation, miosis, respiratory depression, addiction

• Anti-fungal-cutaneous

• Forms holes in fungal membranes - lyses cell

• SE: itching, irritation, and burning sensation

Treatment of Gout

-binds to tubulin in leukocytes and inhibits migration

-often used with probenicid

Natural Steroid hormone, secreted by adrenal gland

-immune suppression, treats inflammation

-not to be prescribed when pt is still experiencing an active infection, only after infection has cleared up.

a DNA alkylating agent-anti cancer agent (chemotherapy)

Used in treatment of lymphoma and some solid tumors

Chemo induces nausea, vomiting, bone marrow suppression, diarrhea and hair loss

• Anti-depressant- TCA
• Also treats migraine headaches

• 2nd line of treatment - used if SSRI or SNRI does not work

• SE: blurred vision, weight gain, constipation, urinary retention, tachycardia, arrhythmias, nausea, drowsiness

Immunosuppressant (mechanism unknown)

-treatment of ocular inflammation and dry eye

SE: eye burning, redness, tearing, discharge, pain, itching, stinging

• Opiod receptor antagonist

• Used in heroin detox programs

Direct acting skeletal muscle relaxant

-used with bromocriptine to treat Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

• Synthetic opioid antagonist for heroin overdose

• Precipitates withdrawal symptoms immediately

Bacterial siderophore-iron chelating agent that is used to remove excess iron from the body in the case of iron poisoning

• Immunosuppressant

• Inhibits purine synthesis

• SE: GI upset, leukopenia (decreased wbc), increased susceptibility to infection, tumors

A Tri-cyclic antidepressant

-inhibits reuptake of NE and serotonin

-for depression and neuropathic pain

• Anti-bacterial (-cidal)-4th gen fluoroquinolone
• Treats bacterial conjunctivitis (ophthalmic drops)

• Inhibits DNA gyrase (topoisomerase)

• SE: eye irritation, headache

A long acting-glucocorticoid agonist

-suppresses immune response

-used to treat  red eye and conjunctivitis

-may  increase IOP

Increases GABA resulting in CNS depression

-Treatment of anti-anxiety, epilepsy, alcohol withdrawal and insomnia

SE: Amnesia, sedation

Not for pregnant women

• Natural opioid analgesic

• Very high abuse potential; addictive

• Action through CNS

• SE: myosis, constipation, increase in intracranial pressure

• Synthetic prostaglandin analogue

• Inhibits total amount and concentration of acid in stomach

• Increases mucosa

• Anti-progestin
• Progesterone antagonist

• Used for abortions

Antiobiotic-penicillin class

-cell wall inhibitor

An emulsion corticosteroid, similar to pred forte but half the dosing requirements (longer half life)

-treatment of ocular pain, uveitis and inflammation

• Indirect-acting CNS stimulant
• Increases activity of norepinephrine and dopamine

• Treats ADHD; increases attention, decreases motor activity

• Highly addictive

Prevents breakdown of dopamine

-Cancer treatment

-also inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase, which causes adverse affects after alcohol consumption, used to treat alcoholism.

Causes increased BP, anxiety, headache, metal taste in mouth

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor

Crosses cornea and sclera, affects non-pigmented epithelium of ciliary body

-reduces IOP

-burns upon installation

-SE: bitter taste, blurry vision, dry eye, photosensitivity, red eye, tearing

• Anti-cancer; also treats rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis

• Inhibits DNA synthesis; binds irreversably to dihydrofolate reductase

• SE: CNS toxicity, renal failure, GI issues, hyperuricemia, reddining of skin

• Do not use with alcohol

Treatment of many types of cancers

Intercalates DNA (reversible inclusion of a molecule between 2 other molecules)

--

-SE:can cause heart damage

Tetracycline class Antibiotic

Treatment of chlamydia, lyme disease, rocky mountain spotted fever and cholera

Contraindicated for children

• Treats HYPERthyroidism (Grave's disease or thyrotoxicosis)

• Inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis

A Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor

Treatment of depression and anxiety

-May increase risk of suicide

• Amide local anesthetic (injected)

• Used for peripheral nerve blocks and epidurals

• Anti-malarial

• Works for blood

Direct Adrenergic agonist (both alpha and beta)

-emergency treatment of severe allergic reactions, idiopathic anaphylaxis

SE: upset stomach, vomiting, sweating, dizziness, nervousness, weakness, headache, shaking hands

• Anti-emetic
• Anticholinergic; diminishes vestibular stimulation

• Treats motion sickness

• SE: blurred vision, drowsiness, dry mouth, nausea (really?!)

Antibiotic-Macrolide class

Binds to the 50s ribosomal subunit, inhibiting protein translocation (the exit step)

Also a nocturnal antibiotic ointment

-used in pts allergic to penicillin

-prophylactic treatment against infection in newborns

SE: GI disturbance, jaundice,  ototoxicity

• Ester corticosteroid
• Anti-inflammatory

• Treats eye inflammation/allergies/keratitis

• SE: anaphylaxis/allergies

Inhibits growth of Mycobacteria

Treatment of Tuberculosis, part of multi-drug therapy

SE:decrease VA and color blindness (should be monitored), optic neuropathy, acute gout, joint pain, rash etc. 

• Anti-anxiety
• Benzodiazepine

• Increases GABA levels

• SE: drowsiness, dizziness, weakness

• Do not use with alcohol

Diabetes Medication

-to be injected after eating, suppresses the release of glucagon preventing hyperglycemia

SE: Sour stomach, nausea, not for patients with GI disease

• Treats HYPOthyroidism

• Synthetic T3 

• Anti-bacterial

• Protein synthesis inhibitor

• Good for vancomycin-resistent bacteria

• SE: peripheral neuropathy, optic neuritis, blindness

• Local anesthetic

• Blocks Na+ channels

• Treats HYPOthytoidism

• Mimics endogenous T4 and T3

Anti-androgen

-decreasews dihydrotestosterone in the prostate, reducing it's size.

-used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia

SE: decreased libido and erectile dysfunction

• Prostaglandin analogue

• Increases outflow of aqueous humor
• Treats high IOP, open-angle glaucoma, ocular hypertension

• SE: blurred vision, cold/flu-like symptoms, dizziness, dry or watery eyes

Benzodiazepine Antagonist

IV only-treatment of Benzodiazepine overdose

Corticosteroid

-treatment of mild-moderate ocular inflammation

-may raise IOP

• Anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, analgesic
• Inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis

• Treats ocular allergies, reduces inflammation after cataract surgery
• Can also be used perenterally to treat migraines

• SE: stinging, conjunctival hyperemia, headache, ocular pain/inflammation/irritation, corneal infiltrates/edema/erosion

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor

Long acting (taken 1/week)

Treatmetn of depression, approved for younger populations

SE: nausea, drowsiness, insomnia, increased suicidal thoughts, sexual dysfunction

-not to be taken with MAOIs

Inhibits Androgen uptake or nuclear binding  of androgen in target tissue

Treatment of metastatic prostate cancer, prevention of cancer cell growth, competes with testosterone

SE: decreased libido, hot flashes, gynecomastia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cholestatic jaundice, impotence and reduced sperm count

• Anti-fungal
• Inhibits ergosterol synthesis - pokes holes in fungal membranes

• Treats systemic fungal infections

• Do not use with alcohol or steroids

Anti-viral

Inhibits genome replication by inhibiting phospate binding sites on viral DNA polymerase

Treatment of Herpes SImplex 1 & 2, CMV retinitis and HIV

SE: Nephrotoxicity, anxiety, seizures, vision problems

Pregnancy Category C 

Intravenous Anti-viral

Treatment of retinitis, epithelial keratitis, Herpes virus and CMV infections

SE: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, stomahc pain, belching, dry mouth, nervousness, sweating, flushing, cramping and many more

• Anti-fungal

• Used mostly for respiratory/pulmonary fungal infections

• Inhibits ergosterol synthesis - fungal cell membrane unable to form

• Anti-TB
• Prodrug activated by bacterial catalase peroxide enzyme
• Inhibits bacterial mycolic acid synthesis

• SE: CNS/PNS neuropathy, acidosis, anemia, liver damage, rash

Anti-biotic

Inhibits DNA gyrase (Topoisomerase) (Fluoroquinolone class)

Treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis

Prolonged use may lead to superinfection

Aminoglycoside class of antibiotic

-Binds the 30s Ribosomal subunit, inhibits protein synthesis

-treats both gram positive and gram negative infections

SE: nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity

• Anti-viral
• Interferes with viral protein synthesis

• 1st line treatment for Hep B and C

• SE: flu-like symptoms

Type II Diabetes Medication

-increases insulin secretion and efficiency

-only effective in patients who still produce insulin

-in the sulfonylurea class of drugs

SE: Nausea, jaundice, heartburn, rash, stomach pain, unusual bruising/bleeding, diarrhea, fever, sore throat, facial swelling

• NSAID - analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic

• Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis

• SE: blurred vision, GI upset, rash

• Very potent anti-bacterial

• Administered via injection
• Carbapenem class-cell wall inhibitor

Treats cutaneous fungal infection

Prevents mitosis, thus it only affects new cells, have to wait for the old infected cells to grow and be cut off before stopping the medication

• NSAID - anti-pyretic

• Treats pain

• It is NOT an anti-inflammatory nor an anti-platelet

• SE: GI upset, headache, dizziness, drowsiness

Schizophrenia Treatment

-blocks peripheral and central post-synaptic receptors

-high potency, first generation anti-psychotic

-also treats chemotherapy induced nausea

SE: Tardive dyskinesia, hyperprolactinemia, sedation

Antimalarial-blocks activation of toll-like receptors, reduces inflammation, 

SE: HA, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, loss of apetite, diarrhea, stomach pain, rash, blurred vision

• Treats osteoporosis

• inhibits osteoclast activity

Strong Semi-synthetic Opioid

-analgesic, narcotic

-called Vicodin when combined with acetaminophen

-called Oxycodone when mixed with acetaminophen and aspirin

-suppresses cough reflex

-SE: Constipation, sedation, euphoria

Not to be taken with alcohol or CNS depressants

-prevention of infection

1.Pts with rheumatic heart disease

2. Dental extractions in pts with implanted prosthetic devices (like heart valves)

3. Most surgical procedures

4. Use of Zidovudine to protect the child of a HIV positive pregnant women.

1. Treatment of a life-threatening condition

2. treat polymicrobial infection

3. Pathogens that no one agent is effective against.

4. Achieve Synergy

5. Prevent emergence of resistant strains

6. Permit use of lower dose of one of the agents

Penicillins

Cephalosporins

Carbapenems

Monobactams

Hypersensitvity

Diarrhea

Nephritis

Neurotoxicity

Hematologic Toxicities

Cation Toxicity

Name the 4 classes of Protein Synthesis Inhibitor Antibiotics

Which 'part' of protein synthesis do they inhibit?

Tetracyclines-bind to 30s ribosomal subunit

Glycycyclines-same as above

Aminoglycosides-also 30s

Macrolides-bind to 50s ribosomal subunit

Antacids

Milk

GI disturbance

deposition in bones and teeth

liver failure

phototoxicity

vertigo

contraindicated in pregnancy

Doxycycline

causes less GI upset

Linezolid

-binds to 50s subunit (like the Macrolides do)

What is the mechanism of Fluoroquinolones?

What is the suffix associated with this class?

Inhibits DNA gyrase (topoisomerase) to inhibit DNA replication

'floxacins'

T/F

Fluoroquinolones are used to treat malaria.

False

They are antibiotics, not anti-protozoans

Isoniazid

Rifampin

Ethambutol

Pyrazinamide

Optic Neuritis

Color Vision deficiencies

They have different mechanisms of action, resulting in synergistic activity. 

Work better together than individually

Nucleoside/tide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (Zidovudine)

Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Protease Inhibitors

Integrase Inhibitors

Hepatic Viral Infections, specifically B and C

Genital Warts caused by Papilloma virus

Kaposi's sarcoma

What are the 4 classes of drugs used as Anti-cancers?

What is the specific effect of each?

Antimetabolites-inhibit purine and pyramidine synthesis

Antibiotics-break up DNA

Alkylating Agents-alter structure by adding or removing fragments

Microtubule Inhibitors-inhibiting cell activity and division

Dopamine

Serotonin (5HT)

Ach

An emetic, causes vomiting

Use in case of poison ingestion

1. Tacrolimus-a selective inhibitor of cytokine production and function

2. Cyclosporine-same as Tacrolimus

3. Azathioprine-immunosuppressive antimetabolite

4. Mycophenolates-same as Azathioprine

5. Prednisolone-Adrenocorticoid

6. Prednisone-same as prednisolone

Isoniazid inhibits the absorption of Vitamin B6

Taking Pyridoxine (which is vit B6) counteracts that

Ceftriaxone

Cephalexin

Gentamicin

Tobramycin

Azithromycin

Erythromycin

Moxifloxacin

Gatifloxacin

Carbidopa

Apomorphine (dopamine agonist)

Amantidine (NMDA agonist, increases DA levels

Bromocriptine (DA agonist)

Selegeline (MAObI)

Raloxifene (SERM)

Zoledronic Acid (inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts)

Ibandronate (inhibits osteoclasts)

Olendronate (a bisphosphonate)

Methtrexate

Azathioprine

Levothyroxine

Liothyronine

Propylthiouracil

Methimazole

Timolol

Brinzolamide (CAI)

Betaxolol

Latanoprost (increase uveoscleral outflow)

Apraclonidine (alpha 2 agonist)

Dorzolamie (CAI)

Physostigmine

Antidepressant

Stop-smoking aid

Fluoxetine (Prozac)

Buspirone

Trazodone

Duloxetine

Ondansertron

Which Anti-cancer class do each of these drugs fit into?

Methotrexate

Bleomycin

Doxorubicin

Cyclophosphamide

Raloxifene

Methotrexate-Antimetabolite

Bleomycin-Antibiotic

Doxorubicin-Intercalating 

Cyclophosphamide-Alkylating

Raloxifene-Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator

Exenatide (stops the tide of glucagon) -increases glucose dep. insulin release, decreases glucagon and slows gastric emptying

Rosiglitazone (Type II)-decreases insulin resistance

Glyburide (aka DiaBeta)-stimulates insulin secretion

Sitagliptin-similar to Exenatide but affects a different part of the pathway

Mepivicaine-local, amide

Lidocaine-local, Na blocker

Bupivicaine-amide

Thiopental-truth serum

Proparacaine-local, ester

Tizanidine (Zanalfex)  (alpha 2 agonist)

Baclofen (GABA agonist)

Dantrolene (direct, treatment of NMS)

Colchicine

Allopurinol

Probenecid

Sulfinpyrazone

Naltrexone

and Naloxone

They are both opioid antagonists

Flutamide-treatment of metastatic prostate growth

Finasteride-benign prostatic hyperplasia

Tadalafil

Vardenafil

Sildenafil

Cloazepam-a benzodiazepine

Phenytoin (Na blocker)

Vigabatrin (increases GABA)

Carbamazepine-blocks glutamate

Diazepam

How many drops are in 1ml of solution?

How many ml is a tsp?

Tbsp?

20 drops (gtt)

5ml

15ml

Which drug is used to reverse dilation?

Mechanism?

Dapiprozole

An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, so it reverses the effects of phenylephrine

Cholinergic agonists are ineffective

Ester based anesthetics have a higher chance of causing an allergic reaction

Proparacaine

Which is the most common drug used to treat Epilepsy?

Name the SE

Phenytoin

SE: Gingival hypertrophy, body hair increase, rash and lymphadenopathy

A newer drug used to treat Epilepsy

SE: rash and nausea

Chlorpromazine

Haloperidol

Thioridazine

Typical means it works against positive symptoms

Risperidone

Quetiapine

Atypical anti-psychotics treat both positive and negative symptoms

Tardive Dyskinesia

Hyperprolactinemia

Sedation

Moderate Weight Gain

NMS

Diabetes Mellitus

Hypercholesterolemia

Sedation

Seizures

Hyperprolactinemia

Weight gain

Risk of arrythmias

-Anterior Sub-capsular stellate shaped cataracts

-slate blue discoloration of conj and dermis

-decreased tear secretion

-increased IOP

Decreased Tear secretion

Increased IOP

Retinitis Pigmentosa from high doses

Lithium is a common first Choice

Also use Carbamazepine and Valproic Acid which are anti-convulsants

Any Atypical anti-psychotic may also be used

They inhibit phosphodiesterase which results in increased levels of cGMP in the blood. 

This results in increased blood flow 

Tadalafil (Cialis)

The other 2 only last about 1/3 as long

Sine they inhibit autocoids, they inhibit synthesis of leukocytes (WBCs)

They increase RBC numbers

Betamethasone and Dexamethasone

Dexamethasone is the most potent

First use Trifluridine (Viroptic)

If allergies or resistance use acyclovir

Nearly all corticosteroids are ketone based.

The exception is loteprednol which is ester based.

Dexamethasone

Tobramycin

Dicloxacillin which is a B-lactamase resistant penicillin

and Cephalexin

Oral tablets

Acutane is an acne medication

SE:

-corneal opacities

-neovascularization

-dry eye

-blepharoconjunctivitis

-impairment of dark adaptation

-Increased IOP

What peptide levels can be measured rather than insulin?

What advantage does it have

The peptide Amylin is co-secreted with insulin. 

However it is not processed like insulin so it gives a better indication of insulin levels

Mono-constant dose of estrogen and progesterone

Tri-tries to mimic the natural female cycle by only giving constant estrogen and progesterone for 3 weeks and then 1 week off.

Not very well understood but it:

-thickens cervical mucus, uterine endometrium

-alters motility and secretion in the uterine tubes

-prevents ovulation, 

Translate into Pharmacist speak

Sig: cap. sI b.i.d qAM ac,  c aq.

Translate into Pharmacist speak

Sig: 2 gtt OD q3h and 4gtt h.s. q.1.d