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Final Exam CJ
N/A
90
Criminology
Undergraduate 4
12/07/2009

Additional Criminology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Booking
Definition
Suspect is searched, photographed, fingerprinted, and allowed a telephone call.
Term
Initial Appearance
Definition
Suspect appears before a judge or magistrate. The suspect is informed of the charges and bail (if applicable) is set
Term
Arraignment
Definition
The suspect is brought before the trial court, informed of the charges, and asked to enter a plea
Term
Plea Bargain
Definition
Prosecutor’s promise of concessions (charge, sentence) for the defendant’s guilty plea
Term
Guilty Plea
Definition
most common solution in a plea bargain
Term
Trial
Definition
if defendant refuses to plead guilty, he/she proceeds to a jury or bench trial
Term
Purpose of bail
Definition
to protect the community from a defendant committing another crime before trial
Term
Release on Recognizance
Definition
A judge’s order that releases an accused from jail with the understanding that he or she will return for further proceedings of his or her own will; used instead of setting a monetary bond
Term
Bail Bondsperson
Definition
A businessperson who agrees, for a fee, to pay the bail amount if the accused fails to appear in court as ordered
Term
Preliminary Hearing
Definition
An initial hearing in which a magistrate decides if there is probable cause to believe that the defendant committed the crime with which he or she is charged
Term
Grand Jury
Definition
The group of citizens called to decide whether probable cause exists to believe that a suspect committed the crime with which she or he has been charged
Term
Motivations for Plea Bargaining
Definition
-removes risk that jury or judge will disagree
-Favorable plea bargains are often the best a defense attorney can do for clients, aside from helping them to gain acquittals
-Allows the defendant a measure of control over his or her fate
Term
jury pool
Definition
The master jury list made up of all the eligible jurors in a community
Term
venire
Definition
drawing potential jury members together
Term
Voir dire
Definition
The preliminary questions that the trial attorneys ask prospective jurors to determine whether they are biased or have any connection with the defendant or a witness (second step)
Term
Evidence
Definition
Anything that is used to prove the existence or nonexistence of a fact
Term
Testimony
Definition
Verbal evidence given by witnesses under oath
Term
Real Evidence
Definition
Evidence that is brought into court and seen by the jury, as opposed to evidence that is described for a jury
Term
The CSI Effect
Definition
-Crime shows have created an unrealistic expectation about what forensic science can accomplish
-Physical evidence seen on CSI is often not available to prosecutors
Term
Direct evidence
Definition
Evidence that establishes the existence of a fact that is in question without relying on inference
Term
Circumstantial evidence
Definition
Indirect evidence that is offered to establish, by inference, the likelihood of a fact that is in question
Term
Hung jury
Definition
jury whose members are so divided in their opinions that they cannot reach a verdict
Term
habeas corpus petition
Definition
filed claiming that the conditions of her or his imprisonment constitutes cruel and unusual punishment
Term
Retribution
Definition
The philosophy that those who commit criminal acts should be punished based on the severity of the crime and that no other factors need be considered
Term
Deterrence
Definition
The strategy of preventing crime through the threat of punishment.
Term
Incapacitation
Definition
A strategy for preventing crime by detaining wrongdoers in prison
Term
Rehabilitation
Definition
The philosophy that society is best served when wrongdoers are provided the resources needed to eliminate criminality from their behavioral pattern rather than simply being punished
Term
Legislative sentencing authority
Definition
Legislatures are responsible for making law; also initially responsible for passing the criminal codes that determine the length of sentences
Term
Indeterminate sentencing
Definition
An indeterminate term of incarceration in which a judge determines the minimum and maximum terms of imprisonment
Term
Determinate sentencing
Definition
A period of incarceration that is fixed by a sentencing authority and cannot be reduced by judges or other corrections officials
Term
“Good Time”
Definition
A reduction in time served by prisoners based on good behavior, conformity to rules, and other positive actions
Term
Truth-in-sentencing
Definition
Laws and legislative attempts to ensure that convicts will serve approximately the terms to which they were initially sentenced
Term
judges duties
Definition
-During the pretrial procedures and the trial itself, the role is somewhat passive and reactive
-primarily a “procedural watchdog”
-At a traditional sentencing hearing, is no longer an arbiter between the parties
-now called on to exercise the ultimate authority of the state in determining the defendant’s fate
Term
Forms of punishment
Definition
-Capital punishment
-Imprisonment
-Probation
-Fines
-Restitution and community service
-Restorative justice
Term
The two main participants in the sentencing process
Definition
judge and the defendant
Term
The presentence investigative report
Definition
An investigative report on an offender’s background that assists a judge in determining the proper sentence
Term
The prosecutor and defense attorney
Definition
Both will try to present a version of the facts consistent with their own sentencing goals
Term
Factors of sentencing
Definition
-The seriousness of the crime
-Any mitigating or aggravating circumstances
Term
The primary factor in a judge’s sentencing decisions
Definition
The seriousness of the crime
Term
Mitigating circumstances
Definition
Any circumstances accompanying the commission of a crime that may justify a lighter sentence
Term
Aggravating circumstances
Definition
Any circumstances accompanying the commission of a crime that may justify a harsher sentence
Term
Judicial philosophy
Definition
Judges are not uniform, or even consistent, in their opinions concerning which circumstances are mitigating or aggravating
Term
Sentencing Disparity
Definition
A situation in which those convicted of similar crimes do not receive similar sentences
Term
Sentencing Discrimination
Definition
A situation in which the length of a sentence appears to be influenced by a defendant’s race, gender, economic status, or other factor not directly related to the crime he or she committed
Term
Sentencing guidelines
Definition
Legislatively determined guidelines that judges are required to follow when sentencing those convicted of specific crimes (discretion are allowed in certain circumstances)
Term
Mandatory sentencing guidelines
Definition
Statutorily determined punishments that must be applied to those who are convicted of specific crimes (example: Three-strikes-and-you’re-out laws)
Term
Capital punishment
Definition
The use of the death penalty to punish wrongdoers for certain crimes
Term
bifurcated procedure for capital cases
Definition
-A jury determines the guilt or innocence
-The jury reconvenes to decide whether the death sentence is in fact warranted
Term
Is the death penalty applied in a discriminatory manner?
Definition
-The black proportion of the death row population is more than triple the black proportion of the population
-African Americans are approximately four times more likely to receive the death penalty if their victim is white than if he or she is black
Term
Reintegration
Definition
A goal of corrections that focuses on preparing the offender for a return to the community unmarred by further criminal behavior
Term
Diversion
Definition
In the context of corrections, a strategy to divert those offenders who qualify away from prison and jail and toward community-based and intermediate sanctions
Term
The Low-Cost Alternative
Definition
Even though these programs are sometimes perceived as being “soft” on crime, they become popular because they are less costly than incarceration
Term
Probation
Definition
A criminal sanction in which a convict is allowed to remain in the community rather than be imprisoned, so long as she or he follows certain conditions set by the court
-Most common form of punishment in the United States
Term
Standard conditions
Definition
imposed on all probationers (regular reports to the probation officer, remaining employed etc.)
Term
Punitive conditions
Definition
reflect the seriousness of the offense (fines, community service, drug testing etc.)
Term
Treatment conditions
Definition
imposed to reverse patterns of self-destructive behavior (drug or alcohol treatment etc.)
Term
Two Basic Roles of the probation officer
Definition
-Investigative
-Supervisory
Term
Goals of Supervision
Definition
-The probation officer establishes a relationship with the offender
-Ideal probation officer-offender relationship is based on trust
Term
Technical violation
Definition
An action taken by a probationer, that although not criminal, breaks the terms of probation as designated by the court; can result in the revocation of probation and a return to prison or jail
Term
The revocation process
Definition
Three-stage procedure by which the “limited” due process rights of probationers must be protected in potential revocation situations:
Term
Three stages of the revocation process
Definition
1. The preliminary hearing- presentation of facts of the violation
2. The revocation hearing-mini trial
3. Revocation sentencing- a.incarceration b.pose stricter probationary conditions c.longer probation
Term
The Caseload dilemma
Definition
Probation officers have such large caseloads that they cannot rigorously enforce the conditions imposed on many of their clients
Term
Recidivism and probation
Definition
The majority of probationers complete their terms without being arrested
Term
Day reporting centers
Definition
A community-based corrections center to which offenders report on a daily basis for purposes of treatment, education, and incapacitation
Term
Shock incarceration
Definition
A short period of incarceration that is designed to deter further criminal activity by “shocking” the offender with the hardships of imprisonment (e.g., Scared Straight)
Term
Home Confinement
Definition
A community-based sanction in which offenders serve their terms of incarceration in their homes
Term
Three general levels of restriction in home confinement
Definition
-Curfew-least restrictive
-Home detention-confined to home at all times (except work, religious ceremonies)
-Home incarceration-24/7
Term
Electronic Monitoring
Definition
A technique of probation supervision in which the offender’s whereabouts, though not his or her actions, are kept under surveillance by an electronic device; often used in conjunction with home confinement
Term
types of electronic monitoring
Definition
-Programmed contact
-Continuously signaling
Term
The first penitentiary
Definition
Walnut Street Prison
Term
Penitentiary
Definition
An early form of correctional facility that emphasized separating inmates from society and from each other so that they would have an environment in which to reflect on their wrongdoing and ponder their reformation
Term
The Pennsylvania System
Definition
Based on the idea of separate confinement
-Inmates were kept separate from each other at all times, with daily activities taking place in individual cells
Term
The New York System
Definition
-Based on congregate system
-Inmates were kept in separate cells during the night but worked together in the daytime under a code of enforced silence
Term
Reformers
Definition
-In the 1870s, a group argued that fixed sentences, imposed silence, and isolation did nothing to improve prisoners
-Proposed promise of early release as a prime tool for rehabilitation
Term
Progressives
Definition
-Criminal behavior was caused by social, economic, and biological factors
-Medical model
Term
Medical model
Definition
A model of corrections in which the psychological and biological roots of an inmate’s criminal behavior are identified and treated
Term
rising prison populations
Definition
-The number of Americans in prison or jail has almost trippled since 1985
Term
Maximum security
Definition
A correctional institution designed and organized to control and discipline dangerous felons, as well as prevent escape, with intense supervision, cement walls, and electronic, barbed wire fences
Term
Medium security
Definition
A correctional institution that houses less dangerous inmates and therefore uses less restrictive measures to avoid violence and escapes
Term
Minimum security
Definition
A correctional institution designed to allow inmates, most of whom pose low security risks, a great deal of freedom of movement and contact with the outside world
Term
General Goals of Prison Administration
Definition
-To keep prisoners in
-Keep prisoners safe
-And to do it with fairness, without undue suffering, and as efficiently as possible
Term
Warden
Definition
The prison official who is ultimately responsible for the organization and performance of a correctional facility
Term
Private prisons
Definition
Correctional facilities operated by private corporations rather than the government, and therefore, reliant on profits for survival
Term
Why privatize prisons?
Definition
Labor costs, competitive bidding
Term
What are the worries of privatizing?
Definition
Financial issues, philosophical issues
Term
Jail
Definition
A facility, usually operated by county government, used to hold persons awaiting trial or those who have been found guilty of misdemeanors
Term
Functions of Jails
Definition
-Holding those convicted of misdemeanors
-Receiving individuals pending arraignment and holding them while awaiting trial (if they cannot post bail), conviction, or sentencing
-Housing inmates awaiting transfer to federal or state prisons
Term
Pretrial detainees
Definition
Individuals who cannot post bail after arrest or are not released on their own recognizance and are therefore forced to spend the time prior to their trial incarcerated in jail (30% of jail population; innocent til proven guilty)
Term
Sentenced jail inmates
Definition
According to the Department of Justice, 38 percent of those in jail have been convicted of their current charges
Term
Other in jails
Definition
felons either waiting for transfer or assigned to jails because of prison overcrowding, probation and parole violators, the mentally ill, and juveniles (32%)
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