Immunity

a) During Passive immunity what is transfered?

b) During active immunity what is innoculated to induce immunity?

a) performed antibodies or antitoxin.

b) microbial pathogens or parts of antigen

- natural tranmission through breastmilk and colostrum

- IM or IV injection serum plus antibodies or humanized antibodies.

- rapid response

- protection for "at risk" populations

- compensation for B cell deficiencies

- hepatitis b

- diptheria

- polio virus

- varicella

- influenza

- heptatis A

• to generate humoral and celluar immune response
• development of memory
• consider the characteristics of pathogen to target for removal

• live and attenuated
• killed microorganism
• purified macromolecules components
• synthetic vaccines
• live viral vectors
• DNA vaccines

a) What are live and attenuated vaccines?

b) How is it generated?

c) What are the benefits?

d) What are the drawbacks?

a) loss of pathogenicity, can grow and induce an immune response

b) abnormal culture conditions or genetic engineering

c) increased immunogenicity and generation of memory cells

d) reversion to pathogenic strain and bacterial anttenuated vaccines are weak and short-lived.

a) How are pathogens inactivated?

b) What additional step is needed when using an inactivated pathogen?

c) Is it primarily a humoral or cellular response?

d) What is the risk?

a) Heat or chemical treatment

b) repeated boosters

c) humoral

d) incomplete inactivation

1. Vaccine toxoids,
2. bacterial polysaccharides
3. recombinant proteins

purified macromolecules or subunit vaccines

What are some ways that vaccine toxoids are developed?

• chemical or heat treated toxins
• develop anti-toxid ab's
• neutralize toxin
• clone exotoxin genes

Purfied macromolescules or subunit vaccines

a) What are bacterial polysaccharides?

b) Are Th cells needed?

c) What immunoglobulin is needed?

d) Conjugation to carrier to activate what cell and to stimulate what?

e) More or less memory cells?

a) generation of antibodies to polysaccharides

b) No

c) IgM w/ little class switch

d) Conjugation to carrier to activate T cells and to stimulate class switch

e) fewer memory cells

Purfied macromolescules or subunit vaccines

a) What are recombinant proteins?

b) What is used for vaccine development?

c) What is an example?

a) surface antigen expressed in bacteria, yeast or mammalian cell lines

b) antigens

c) hepatitis B vaccines

• oligopeptides or polypeptides made in the lab based on amino acid sequence of microbial antigen
• lower immunogenicity
• required understanding of B and T cell immunodominant epitopes

• plasmid DNA encoding antigen is injected into muscle cells and APC's
• humoral and cell mediated response due to class I and class II presentation

• The injected gene is expressed in muscle cells and nearby APCs. 
• It is presented the cytotoxic t cell via MHC I on the local APCs and it is also presented to helper T cells. 
• Ag binging to cytotoxic t cells will cause attack on innoculated cells then creating memory t cells
• Ag binding triggers release of antibodies and also creating memory b cells.

• gene for antigen is introduced into an attenuated vector
• replication and protein expression generates an immune response
• e.g vaccinia vector for small pox
• induction of cellular and humoral immunity

• increases cellular immunity
• solid matrix contains synthetic peptides representing both t and B cell epitopes