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| Implicit theories of personality |
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Definition
| Inferences drawn based on beliefs about what kinds of behaviors are associated with particular traits and which traits usually go together. |
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| more likely to go beyond available evidence to make global inferences; person stable across time and situation |
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| Observers attributed success of male to ability (dispositional) and females to hard work/luck (situational) |
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Generalization about group of people (often negative)
Schematic knowledge fills missing info |
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| Hostile/negative attitude towards person based on person's group membership. |
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Affective
Behavioral
Cognitive |
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| Discriminate against group's actions |
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| Stereotype on which prejudice is based |
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| Outgroup homogeneity effect |
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| Group as being all the same |
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| Show that if you do not believe in/express negative stereotypes (and they find it ethically/morally wrong), your behavior may unconsciously be affected by them |
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| Neuro techniques, Response times (e.g. fMRI) |
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| Version 1: See face/word and make 1 of 2 judgments, randomly appearing faces and words, and compare response times. |
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Apprehension results from fear that one's behavior may conform existing stereotypes of one's group.
Activation of negative stereotype of own group; inc anxiety and stress |
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Evaluations (pos or neg) of people, objects, and ideas that influence emotional feelings and behavior.
Enables us to judge quickly without much thought whether something is good or bad/helpful/hurtful and to be sought or avoided |
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| Based more on emotions (than objective appraisal of relevant dacts) |
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| Created by inconsistency among beliefs, feelings and behaviors (Festinger) |
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| Chance in behavior due to explicit/implicit social pressure |
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| Theory that we know our own attitudes and feelings only by observing our own behaviors and desciding what proabbly caused them. |
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| Reason for conformity based on people's desire to be correct |
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| Reason for conformity based on people's desires to be liked (or not appear foolish) |
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| Chance in behavior response to instruction/command from another person |
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| Motivated social cognition |
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| Thinking about the social world in ways that serve an emotional needs such as when people hold beliefs that help them feel less anxious |
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| Dehumanization of the victim |
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| Thinking about potential victim in ways that make him seem inhuman; makes aggression to victim more likely and less troubling to the aggressor |
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| Change in behavior in response to request |
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| Social standard suggesting a favor must be repaid |
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| Sales method that start with a modest offer then improves on it. |
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| Changes in a person's behavior due to another person's presence |
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| Tendency to perform simple/well-practiced tasks better in the presence of others than alone |
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| Tendency to perform complex/difficult tasks more poorly in the presence of others |
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| Pattern which people working together on a task generate less total effort than they would working alone |
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| Type of misunderstanding occurring when members of group don't realize that other members share their perception; results in each member wrongly interpreting others' inaction |
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| The larger group a person is in the less likely he is to help, because no one in the group thinks it is up to him to act |
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| Helping behavior that does not benefit helper |
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| Study of mental disorders |
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| Hypothesis that mental disorders result from psychological causes |
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| Hypothesis that mental disorders result from some form of faulty learning |
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| Hypothesis that mental disorders result from some form of faulty learning |
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| Conception of psychopathology that distinguishes factors that create a risk of illness from the factors that turn the risk into a problem |
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| Multicausal model (bipsychosocial viewpoint) |
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| Conception of how mental disorders arise that emphasizes roles played by many different factors |
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| DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders) |
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| Manual that provides specific guidance on how to diagnose each other nearly 200 psychological disorders |
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| Percentage of people in given population who have given disorder at any particular point in time |
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| Percentage of people in population about individual's psychological state sometimes leading to diagnosis |
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| Interview in which questions are posed in a standardized yet flexible way |
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| What patient reports about his physical/mental condition |
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| What clinician observes about patient's physical/mental condition. |
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| Brief measures targeting a certain set of symptoms |
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| Supplemental clinical interviews |
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| Thematic apperception test (TAT) |
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| Participant makes up story to describe what is going on in a picture |
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| Group of disorders distinguished by distress and worry |
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| Occur with all distress and worry |
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| Persistent and irrational fear of object or situation that presents no realistic danger |
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| Any disorder characterized by extreme and irrational fear of particular object/situation |
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| Characterized by repeated/disabling panic attacks |
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| Fear of situations involving possible watching/judgement by others |
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| Avoid stuations where escape may be difficult; probably not phobic disorder, mainly complication of panic disorder. |
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| Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) |
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| Continuous pervasive, high level anxiety; not tied to specific threat |
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| Obsessive-compulsive disorder |
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| Symptoms are obsessions and compulsions to serve as defense to anxiety |
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| Persistent, uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted and disturbing thoughts |
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| Urges to engage in senseless rituals; stereotyped as rituals |
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| Triggered abruptly by identifiable and horrific events |
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| Period of numbness when sufferer feels wholly estranged, socially unresponsive, and oddly unaffected |
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| Reaction characterized by flashbacks and recurrent nightmares |
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| Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
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| Chronic (sometimes lifelong) symptoms of acute distress disorder that persist for 1 month after stressor |
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| Nightmares about event and recalling in the form of flashbacks |
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| Difficulties in concentration, insomnia, extreme responses to being startled. |
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| Active avoidance of people, places, or objects that are linked to trauma |
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| Group of disorders distinguished by changes in positive and negative affective state |
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| Depression (unipolar disorder) |
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| Involves feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and broad apathy about life |
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| Manic and depressive episodes, swinging between emotional extremes |
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| Pattern some times observed with bipolar disorder where person displays combination of manic and depressive symptoms |
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| Mild manic state where individual seems infectiously merry, extremely talkative, charming, and tireless |
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| Negative cognitive schema |
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| (Aaron Beck) Core cognitive component of depression where individual's automatic negative interpretations concerning himself, future, and world |
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| Person's characteristic way of explaining his experiences; attributing bad experiences to internal, global, and stable causes may increase vulnerability to depression. |
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| Each twin has own placenta |
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| Abnormal disintegration of mental functions |
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| Forecast of how situation (including illness) will improve/ fail to improve in the future |
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| Loss of contact with reality; delusions or hallucinations |
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| See more schizophrenia in babies born in few months after flu epidemic |
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| Neurodevelopmental hypothesis |
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Definition
| Caused in part by disruptions in normal maturational processes of brain before/@ child birth |
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| Behaviors not evident in healthy people (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized behavior); behavioral excess |
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| Becoming frenzied, running haphazardly, shouting nonsensically , and acting violently |
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| Perceived experiences that occur in the absence of actual sensory stimulation |
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| Systemized false beliefs, often of grandeur or persecution |
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| Absence/diminution of normal behaviors |
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| Standing/sitting "frozen" for hours on end |
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| Loss of interest in activities that we would ordinarily expect to be pleasurable |
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| Development of inner world and trouble communicating with others due to ever more idiosyncratic thoughts |
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| Unable to maintain coherent train of thought |
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| Typical order of appearance |
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| Negative, Cognitive, Positive |
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| Dominated by delusions of persecution and grandeur |
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| Marked by striking motor disturbances (muscular rigidity to random motor activity) |
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| Particular severe deterioration of adaptive behavior seen |
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| Marked by idiosyncratic mixture of schizophrenic symptoms |
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| Versions of mental disorders that don't meet the criteria for diagnosis but that may nonetheless cause significant problems |
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| Understanding how patient's beliefs, values, and expectations for therapy are shaped by his cultural background |
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| 500 forms; some based on psychoanalysis, behavioral findings |
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| Derived from psychoanalytic theory (Freud) |
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