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| def: the geological epoch during which we now live. the holocene follows the pleistocene epoch and began roughly 11,000 - 10,000 ya |
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| def: the dry-land connection between asia and america that existed periodically during the pleistocene |
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| def: treeless plains characterized by permafrost conditions that support the growth of shallow-rooted vegetation such as grasses and mosses |
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| def: pleistocene ice sheet originating in mountains of western north america |
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| def: pleistocene ice sheet centered in the hudson bay region and extending across much of eastern canada and the norhtern united states |
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| def: largest native american language family in north america; includes more than 35 languages spoken in western north america |
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def: in the americas, early hunter-gatherers, from about 14,000 to 8,000 ya
Paleo-indian cultures
- hunter gatherers
- megafauna
- regional diversity
- fluted points
- clovis points and folsom points- both found in new mexico dating 13,000 – 12,000 ya- diversity of tool kits, look like what you would find in the old world. |
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| def: a biface or projectile point having had long, thin flakes removed from each face to prepare the base for hafting, or attachment to a shaft |
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| def: literally, "large animals," those weighing over 100 pounds |
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| def: phase of southern great plains prehistory, around 12,500 ya, during which long-fluted projectile points were used for bison hunting |
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| def: great plains bison-hunting culture of 11,000 - 9,000 ya, which employed narros, unfluted points |
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| def: late or transitional paleo-indian projectile point type that dates between 10,000 to 8,000 ya in the eastern united states |
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| def: a stadial between roughly 13,500 and 11,500 ya; the climate of higher latitudes became colder and drier but did not mark a full return to glacial conditions |
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| def: stones, boulders, mud, sand, and silt deposited by glaciers as they melt; a ground moraine. |
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| def: episode of higher average annual temperatures that affected much of the globe for several millennia after the end of the last ice age; also known as the altithermal in the western united states or hypsithermal in the east |
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| def: middle stone age; period of hunter-gatherers, especially in northwestern europe |
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| def: term used primarily in reference to the near east, designating the time of middle stone age foragers and collecters |
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| def: norht american archaeological period that follows the end of the last ice age and traditionally ends with the beginning of the use of ceramics; equivalent to the mesolithic in the old world |
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def: people who make their living by hunting, fishing, and gethering their food, and not by producing it
paleo indians |
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def: hunter-gatherers who live in small groups that move camp frequently to take advantage of fresh resources as they come into season; few resources stored in anticiplation of future use
australopithecines were omnivore: foragers |
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| def: hunter-gatherers who tend to stay in one place for a long time; task groups may range far afield to hung and collect food and other resources that are brought back to camp and shared among its inhabitants; valued food resources commonly stored in anticipation of future use |
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| def: archaeological sites or features within sites formed largely by the accumulation of domestic waste. |
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seasonality and resource scheduling
ch. 13 |
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| def: technique of hunter-gatherers to maximize subsistence by relocating in accord with the availability of key resources at specific times and places throughout the year |
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| def: rugged, dry plateau between the mountains of california and utah, comprising nevada, western utah, and southern oregon and idaho |
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| def: preserved fecal material, which can be studied for what the contents reveal about diet and health |
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| def: an animal or being associated with a kin-group and used for social identification; also, a carved pole representing these beings |
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| def: ceremonial feasting and gift-giving even among northwest coast indians |
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| def: to reside in a single location for most or all of the year; to become sedentary |
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| def: european wild oxen, ancestral to domesticated cattle |
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| def: in an environment, this is the maximum population of a specific organism that can be maintained at a steady state |
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| def: late pleistocene hunter-gatherers of the eastern mediterranean region and levant |
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| def: seasonal migration from one resource zone to another, especially between highlands and lowlands |
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| def: collector-type hunter-gatherers who established sedentary settlements in parts of the near east after 12,000 ya |
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| def: erosions in teeth caused by decay; cavities |
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| exposed during periods of maximum glaciation. groups during the late pleiistocene travelled southward into what is now the united states by following the "ice-free corridor" that emerged between the cordilleran and laurentian ice sheets in western canada. |
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