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| def: the portion of the pleistocene epoch beginning 780,000 ya and ending 125,000 ya. |
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| mid pleistocene distribution |
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Definition
Zhoukoudian – near Peking – Dr. Davidson Black
• Sinanthropus pekinensis (Homo erectus)
• Cave site- very large cave site filled with debris
• 600,000 + years ago
• Continuous occupation
• Cannibalism (?)
• Artifacts- thousands of artifacts found there. Found tools.
• Fire- found the areas in which they built fires.
• Weidenrich – World War II. Took over Black’s work but when WWII came along he had problems and had to leave the area. Before he fled that region he made casts of skulls and artifacts and took extensive photographs.
Late distribution in Europe: 2 sites
• Torralba and Ambrona- Kill Site
• Actually two sites
• Seasonal
• Bones of animals- site where they went to kill animals.
• Tools
• Warm springs in the area
• 200-400,000 ya
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Term
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Definition
def: the portion of the pleistocene epoch beginning 125,000 ya and ending approximately 10,000 ya
upper pleistocene- around 40000 years ago
modern humans homo sapiens sapiens
example, cro magnon- gracile
actually a site in france
others in eastern europe who remain more rugged in appearance & no DNA is preserved in their remains
for this period, tool culture referred to as "upper paleolithic"
mousterian was a FLAKE industry
upper paleolithic is a BLADE industry
blade is a parellel side flake- twice as long as wide
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Term
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Definition
def: climatic intervals when continental ice sheets cover much of the northern continents. glaciations are associated with colder temperatures in norhtern latitudes and more arid conditions in the southern latitudes, most notably in africa
What was impetus that took him from Africa?
• CLIMATE
• glaciation
Glacial Advantages and Glacial Retreats
• Advance Mindel- suggested, noted, and perhaps confirmed that by then, homo erectus already had controlled use of fire.
• Advance Riss
• Advance Wurm- important because of neandertal.
• You have glacial periods, then you have retreats where it gets warmer again.
pleistocene is the age of the glaciers
magdalenian is when glacial period came to an end |
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Term
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Definition
| def: climatic intervals when continental ice sheets are retreating, eventually becoming much reduced in size. interglacials in norhtern latitudes are associated with warmer temperatures, while in southern latitudes the climate becomes wetter |
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Definition
| def: the position of the body in a bent orientation, with arms and legs drawn up to the chest |
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Definition
def: a cultural period usually associated with modern humans, but also found with some neandertals, and distinguished by technological innovation in various stone tool industries. best known from western europe; similar industries are also known from central and eastern europe and africa.
upper paleolithic- defined by its tool cultures
35000 ya- perigordian and aurignacian flourished side by side
perigordian- caves, rock shelters, bone for fuel, overlie the mousterian
aurignacian- clustered in deep valleys, bone tools
around 24000 ya, no longer see aurignacian, perigordian continues
perigordian known for its backed knives- much like a knife today- cutting edge with a back
upper paleolithic cave art- lasting legacy
where- mainly caves of france and spain |
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Term
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Definition
| def: pertaining to an upper paleolithic industry found in france and spain, containing blade tools and associated with neadertals |
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Definition
def: pertaining to the stone tool industry associated with neadertals and some modern h. sapiens groups. also called middle paleolithic. this industry is characterized by a large proportion of flake tools than found in acheulian tool kits
neadertal used mousterian tools from western europe to steppes of russia |
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Term
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Definition
• Incredible precision required for the making of their tool
• Indirect percussion method- required hand eye coordination, sophisticated thought.
• Took a rock and rather than hitting rock against rock, they would put something in between it like antelope horn or a piece of wood- 3 objects being used.
• Levallois technique- piece of stone, something being used as the indirect percussion method. Chip off edges of piece of stone. You strike stone and it slices off a piece of rock. Creates point. |
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Animals you may see around during this glacial time:
• Giant sloth- died out around 10,000 years ago. Some found in Louisiana. Ate grasses and leaves. Very large
• Saber-toothed tiger- in North America, Europe. Huge, long canines.
• Dinotherian- A lot like an elephant. |
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Definition
| in 1864, only one from his time to view remains as those of human ancestors |
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Definition
| Drachenloch – Switzerland – ritual about strength, killed cave bears to prove strength. |
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Summary of Neandretal
ritual; cave bear
deliberate burial- flowers
155 cranial capacity
occipital bun- slowly reducing; no chin
great upper body strength
teeth for tools
mousterian tools- from western europe to steppes of russia
some cannibalism
speech- hyoid says "yes" but we do not have soft tissue
some suggest that speech and ability to successfully pass along cultural information may be a major reason we wouldnt see increase in brain size in later groups
by 35000 or so years ago, classic neandretal disappears |
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| what happened to the neandertal? |
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Definition
did he become us?
did he just become extinct?
three theories:
1. presapien theory- 2 distinct lineages early on
2. replacement theory- anatomically modern humans
3. direct evolution or unilinear theory- we are the same
leonard wolpoff (and hrdlicka)- once glaciars retreated, adaptive advange of large faced, classic neandretal was no longer necessary.
result- upper pleistocene face |
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Term
| morphology of the neandertal |
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Definition
• average cranial capacity – 1500 cc
• forward projection of teeth
• no chin
• large nasal apparatus
• large brow ridge
• tmj problems (temporo-mandibular joint)
• teeth for tools – heavy wear
• secondary dentin
• retro-molar space |
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Term
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Definition
• Scapula groove
• Long pubis
• Hyoid
• When? After 100,000 ya until around 35,000 ya (if dead end)
• Where? Mainly western Europe – France has greatest number. Also in near east (Isreal) and steppes of Russia. Tundra. |
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Term
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Definition
| bones broken in such a way to suggest bone marrow was taken out |
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