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Final Exam Cards Infancy/Toddlerhood, Early Childhood
Accumulative Final Exam, Human Growth and Learning, Textbook:
51
Education
Undergraduate 3
05/03/2011

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Term
chromosomes
Definition
the structures on which genes reside
Term
DNA
Definition
a double helix consisting of two back bones, like a twisted ladder, whose rungs are made up of chemical combinations; THE BASIS OF CHROMOSOMES
Term
Genes
Definition
the portion of DNA that encodes specific genetic information
Term
Some teratogens include:
Definition
Alcohol and Cigarettes
Term
Teratogens
Definition
agents that cross the placental barrier and cause or increase the incidence of physical malformations and behavioral and cognitive deficits
Term
Infants are exhibiting a CIRCULAR REACTION when they...
Definition
stumble onto a new experience caused by their own motor activity, and they try to repeat the event over and over again
Term
OBJECT PERMANENCE
Definition
The understanding that objects continue o exist even when they are out of sight
Term
deferred imitation
Definition
The ability to remember and copy the behavior of a model who is not immediately present
Term
underestimated infant capabilities.
Definition
Recent research on sensorimotor development suggests that Piaget:
Term
short-term memory and long-term memory
Definition
Elements of the information-processing theory include
Term
Which of the following behaviors appear to predict intelligence in an infant?
Definition
habituation-dishabituation to visual stimuli and performance Piagetian object permanence tasks
Term
According to research by Eleanor Gibson, which of the following two letters would young children have the MOST difficulty telling apart
Definition
p & q; Young children have special difficulty discriminating letters that are mirror images of one another
Term
Palmar grasp
Definition
Spontaneous grasp of adult's finger
Term
Babinski
Definition
When the sole of foot is stroked, the toes fan out and curl
Term
Tonic neck
Definition
Infant lies in "fencing position"
Term
Moro
Definition
In our evolutionary past, may have helped infant cling to mother
Term
Helps infant find the nipple
Definition
Rooting
Term
Research on the sense of smell indicates that
Definition
can discriminate all but a few sounds of any human language
Term
Because the visual system is not yet well-developed, __________, or fineness of discrimination, is limited in newborn infants
Definition
visual acuity
Term
Erikson's theory, the conflicts of toddlerhood are resolved favorably when parents
Definition
provide suitable guidance and reasonable choices.
Term
attachment
Definition
The strong, affectionate tie that humans feel toward special people in their lives is known as
Term
clearcut attachment
Definition
Nine-month-old Maxwell becomes very upset when his mother leaves him with his babysitter. He is MOST likely in Bowlby's __________ phase of attachment.
Term
ambivalent attachment
Definition
A child who seems to avoid interaction with their parent/caregiver exhibits
Term
Two-year-old Hannah offers her brother her favorite blanket when he falls down and skins his knee. Hannah is demonstrating signs of
Definition
empathy
Term
Research on child care in infancy has found that
Definition
child care quality has a greater impact on social and cognitive development than family characteristics
Term
Two-year-old Jonathan is a difficult child. His parents respond with positive interactions, maintain close involvement with him, and work to establish a stable home environment. What outcome could be predicted for Jonathan?
Definition
His difficult behavior will decrease with age
Term
The prefrontal cortex is involved in which behavior?
Definition
complex cognitive behaviors
Term
_____ is the most common long-term childhood disease.
Definition
asthma
Term
According to Piaget, which of the following does not reflect preoperational thinking?
Definition
It is based on logic
Term
The recognition that two equal quantities of matter remain equal even if the matter changes shape reflects:
Definition
conservation
Term
The tendency to attend more to outcomes rather than the process that produced the outcomes is referred to as:
Definition
Static thinking
Term
When Tricia gives her mother her stuffed animal because her mother is sad, Tricia is exhibiting:
Definition
egocentrism
Term
True or False: Vygotsky believed that children used private speech as a mechanism to help them learn
Definition
True
Term
A child who has a script for making paper dolls recognizes:
Definition
the sequencing of events.
Term
Metacognition refers to
Definition
the awareness of memory and the monitoring of memory performance.
Term
Felicity, a 5-year-old, asks her father what he is thinking. Felicity is showing evidence of:
Definition
having a theory of mind
Term
Younger children have difficulty with long term memory because:
Definition
they do not use strategies to process information.
Term
Using the structure of a sentence to provide cues about the meaning of a novel verb is referred to as:
Definition
Syntactic bootstrapping
Term
A child who says, "I goed to school today" is illustrating
Definition
overregularization
Term
Four-year-old ERin's beliefs about her abilities and capacities define her:
Definition
self-concept
Term
low self-esteem reflects a combination of:
Definition
low worthiness and low competence.
Term
A complete understanding of gender reflects a child's:
Definition
Gender Identity
Term
Conflicts between young children are most likely to occur over
Definition
having a possession taken away
Term
Aggression that is used for a specific purpose is referred to as:
Definition
Instrumental aggression
Term
When 4-year-old Sheri felt sorry for her younger sister who was crying, Sheri was experiencing:
Definition
Sympathy
Term
Parents who use power assertion as a disciplinary method are more likely to have children who:
Definition
Are compliant with their parents
Term
Permissive Parents are:
Definition
low in demandingness and high in responsiveness
Term
Playing along side but not with other children is called:
Definition
Parallel Play
Term
Which demonstrates higher thinking capabilities?
Definition
A child pretending her dolly is combing her hair
Term
Jenny says, " Jimmy fall down on his trike." Her mother says, "Yes, Jimmy fell down." Mother is
Definition
Recasting
Term
Which of the following is an example of associative play?
Definition
Jessie and Joe decide to get some PlayDoh and make things. Jessie makes some animals and Joe makes some cars
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