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| treatment methods aimed at making people feel better and function more effectively |
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| talks with a psychological professional |
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| treated with biological or medical methods to relieve symptoms |
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| change disordered behavior |
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| therapist neutral listener |
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| an insight therapy based on the theory of Freud, emphasizing the revealing of unconscious conflicts |
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| manifest content: the actual content of one’s dream, latent content: the symbolic or hidden meaning of dreams |
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| talk about anything that came to mind without fear of negative evaluations |
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| patient becomes reluctant to talk about a certain topic, either changing the subject or becoming silent |
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| tendency for a patient or client to project positive or negative feelings for important people from the past onto the therapist |
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| a newer and more general term for therapies based on psychoanalysis, with an emphasis on transference, shorter treatment times, and a more direct therapeutic approach |
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| A type of therapy where the main goal is to change disordered behavior is called |
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| a nondirective insight therapy based on the work of Carl Rogers in which the client does all the talking and the therapist listens |
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| Four Elements of Humanistic Therapy |
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reflection(therapist restates what the client says rather than interpreting those statements)
unconditional positive regard (warmth, respect, and accepting atmosphere created by the therapist for the client)
empathy (understand the feelings of the client)
authenticity (the genuine, open, and honest response of the therapist) |
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| form of directive insight therapy in which the therapist helps clients to accept all parts of their feelings and subjective experiences, using leading questions and planned experiences such as role-playing |
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| action therapies based on the principles of classical and operant conditioning and aimed at changing disordered behavior without concern for the original causes of such behavior |
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replacing an old conditioned response with a new one by changing the unconditioned stimulus
by exposure therapy or aversive conditioning |
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| behavioral techniques that introduce the client to situations (under carefully controlled conditions) that are related to their anxieties or fears |
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| person is rapidly and intensely exposed to the fear-provoking situation or object and prevented from making the usual avoidance or escape response |
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| Systematic desensitization |
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| client is asked to make a list of ordered fears and taught to relax while concentrating on those fears |
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| Aversion therapy (aversive conditioning) |
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| form of behavioral therapy in which an undesirable behavior is paired with an aversive stimulus to reduce the frequency of the behavior |
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| Behavior modification or applied behavior analysis(ABA) |
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| the use of learning techniques to modify or change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behavior |
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| strengthening of a response by following it with a pleasurable consequence or the removal of an unpleasant stimulus |
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| use of tokens to reinforce behavior in which the tokens can be accumulated and exchanged for desired items or privileges |
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| formal, written agreement between the therapist and client in which goals for behavioral change, reinforcements, and penalties are clearly stated |
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| the removal of a reinforcer to reduce the frequency of a behavior |
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| extinction process in which a person is removed from the situation that provides reinforcement for undesirable behavior, usually by being placed in a quiet corner or room away from possible attention and reinforcement opportunities |
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| learning through the observation and imitation of others |
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| technique in which a model demonstrates the desired behavior in a step-by-step, gradual process while the client is encouraged to imitate the model |
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| Behavior therapies can be effective in treating specific problems, such as |
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| bedwetting, drug addictions, phobias |
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| therapy in which the focus is on helping clients recognize distortions in their thinking and replace distorted, unrealistic beliefs with more realistic, helpful thoughts |
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| Some cognitive distortions are : |
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arbitrary inference
selective thinking
overgeneralization
magnification and minimization
personalization |
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| Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT |
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action therapy in which the goal is to help clients overcome problems by learning to think more rationally and logically
CBT has seemed successful in treating depression, stress disorders, and anxiety. |
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| Family counseling (family therapy) |
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| a form of group therapy in which family members meet together with a counselor or therapist to resolve problems that affect the entire family |
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| Self-help groups (support groups) |
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| a group composed of people who have similar problems and who meet together without a therapist or counselor for the purpose of discussion, problem solving, and social and emotional support |
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| Advantages of Group Therapy |
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low cost(family) or free(self-help/support)
exposure to other people with similar problems
social interaction with others
social and emotional support from people with similar disorders or problems |
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| Disadvantages of Group Therapy |
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need to share the therapist’s time with others in the group
lack of a private setting in which to reveal concerns
inability of people with severe disorders to tolerate being in a group |
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| Common Factors of Effective Therapy |
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Definition
therapeutic alliance
opportunity for catharsis
learning and practicing new behaviors
protected setting |
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| Possible Sources of Error in Psychotherapy |
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Definition
Clients enter therapy in crisis (which many times pass on its own anyway).
Clients need to feel like its worth it (invested time and money)
Therapist can be biased because they expect the therapy to work. |
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| Four Barriers to effective Psychotherapy |
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language
culture-bound values
class-bound values
nonverbal communication |
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All of the following are examples of benefits of self-help groups except:
Low cost
Exposure to other people with similar problems
Social interaction
Getting counseling from a trained therapist
Social and emotional support |
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| Getting counseling from a trained therapist |
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| therapies that directly affect the biological functioning of the body and brain |
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| the use of drugs to control or relieve the symptoms of psychological disorders |
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: drugs used to treat psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and other bizarre behavior
-dopamine antagonist |
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drugs used to treat and calm anxiety reactions; typically minor tranquilizers
-benzos or minor traquilizers
-sedative effect, work quickly, potential for addiction |
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used to treat bipolar disorder; include lithium and certain anticonvulsant drugs
-treatment for mania
-lithium |
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drugs used to treat depression and anxiety
SSRI, Triccyclics, MAOI's |
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A client comes to a therapist reporting symptoms of depression. Which of the following medical treatments probably work best for the client?
Benzodiazepine
Chlorpromazine
Behavioral therapy
SSRI
Lithium |
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| Electroconvulsive therapy |
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Definition
form of biomedical therapy to treat severe depression in which electrodes are placed on either one or both sides of a person’s head and an electric current strong enough to cause a seizure or convulsion is passed through the electrodes
-used to treat cases of severe depression |
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surgery performed on brain tissue to relieve or control severe psychological disorders
-examples- prefrontal lobotomy and transorbital lobotomy
today--> deep lesioning |
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repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
Deep brain stimulation
-possible treatments for PTSD, depression and OCD |
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| A person suffering from schizophrenia would be most likely given which of the following drug treatments? |
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