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The unique and relatively stable ways in which people think,feel, and behave.
this is not the same as character and temperament |
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| value judgements of a person's moral and ethical behavior |
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| the enduring characteristics which each person is born. |
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| Who is known for Psychoanalytic perspective? |
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-from Victorian Austria
- believed women, especially those of the upper classes, were not supposed to have sexual urges.
- men were understood not to control sexual urges
-men would have a wife and be a good victorian husband and would father several children, then turn to mistress for sexual comfort leaving his wife untouched. |
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| Who is known for the Humanistic perspective? |
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| level of the mind in which information is available but not currently conscious |
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| level of the mind that is aware of immediate surrounding and perceptions |
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level of the mind in which thoughts,feelings,memories, and other information that are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness are kept.
-can be revealed in dreams and Freudian slips of the tongue |
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| part of the personality present at birth and completely unconscious |
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| instinctual energy that may come into conflict with the demands of a society's standards for behavior. |
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| principle by which the ID functions; the immediate satisfaction of needs without regard for the consequences |
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| part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality; mostly conscious,rational, and logical |
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| Principle by which the ego functions; the satisfaction of the demands of the ID only when negative consequences will not result. |
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| part of personality that acts as a moral center. |
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| part of the superego that contains the standards for moral behavior |
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| part of the superego that produces pride or guilt, depending on how well behavior matches or does not match the ego ideal. |
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| Psychological Defense Mechanisms |
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unconscious distortions of a person's perception of reality that reduces stress and anxiety.
ex. denial, repression,rationalization,projection |
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| Psychological defense mechanism in which that person refuses to acknowledge or recognize a threatening situation |
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| Psychological Defense Mechanism in which the person refuses to consciously remember a threatening or unacceptable event, instead pushing those events into the unconscious mind |
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| Psychological defense mechanism in which a person invents acceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior |
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| Psychological defense mechanism in which unacceptable or threatening impulses or feelings are seen as originating with someone else, usually the target of the impulses or feelings |
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| Psychological defense mechanism in which a person forms an opposite emotional or behavioral reaction to the way he or she really feels in order to keep those true feelings hidden from self and others |
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| redirecting feelings from a threatening target to a less threatening one |
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| Psychological defense mechanism in which a person falls back on childlike patterns of responding in reaction to stressful situations |
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| Defense mechanism in which a person tries to become like someone else to deal with anxiety |
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| Compensation (Substitution) |
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| Defense mechanism in which a person makes up for deficiencies in one area by becoming superior in another area |
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| Channeling socially unacceptable impulses and urges into socially acceptable behavior |
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| Disorder in which the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, resulting in personality traits and behavior associated with that earlier stage |
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| 5 stages of personality development proposed by Freud and tied to the sexual development of the child |
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| 5 Stages of Psychosexual development |
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oral-birth to 1 year - oral activities
Anal- 1 to 3 years - bladder control and bowel mvmnts
phallic- 3 to 6 years - genital focus
Latency- 6 years to puberty -Social Skill development
Genital- Puberty to death- sexual behavior |
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-1st stage
-occurs in first year of life
-mouth is erogenous zone
-weaning is a primary conflict
-ID dominated |
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-2nd stage
-from about on to three years of age
-anus is the erogenous zone
-toilet training is a source of conflict
-ego develops |
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| Anal Expulsive Personality |
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| A person fixated in the anal stage who is messy, destructive, and hostile |
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| Anal Retentive Personality |
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| A person fixated in the anal stage who is neat, fussy, stingy, and stubborn |
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-3rd stage
-from 3 to 6 years of age
-child discovers sexual feelings
-superego develops |
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| Situation occurring in the phallic stage in which a child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent and jealousy of the same-sex parent |
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| Defense mechanism in which a person tries to become like someone else to deal with anxiety |
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-4th stage
-occurs during schooling years
-sexual feelings are repressed while child develops in other ways, like developing social behaviors |
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-5th stage
-sexual feelings have reawakened with appropriate targets |
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| followers of Sigmund Freud who developed their own competing theories of psychoanalysis |
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memories shared by all humans
ex. universal fears |
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| Carl Jung's Name for the unconscious mind as described by Freud |
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| Feelings of inferiority as the driving force behind personality and developed birth order theory. |
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| failures/lacking in one area leads to striving for success in other areas |
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| Karen Horney (Neo-Freudian) |
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| Developed a theory based on basic anxiety and rejected the concept of penis envy. |
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| Envy of women’s ability to bear children leads men to strive for success in other areas |
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| Anxiety created when a child is born into the bigger and more powerful world of older children and adults |
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| Maladaptive ways of dealing with relationships in Horney’s theory |
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| Developed a theory based on social rather than sexual relationships, covering the entire life span. |
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| Recent Advancements in Freudian Research |
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support- defense mechanisms and the concept of an unconscious mind that can influence conscious behavior
-other freudian concepts cannot be scientifically researched |
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| Criticisms of Psychoanalytical Theory |
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-No experimental evidence (Used Case Studies)
-Impossible to observe the unconscious mind
-Open to interpretation
-Ambiguous information
-Sampling Bias
-Wealthy Austrian Women Living During the Victorian Era |
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| Behavioral Theory of Personality |
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-Behaviorists define personality as a set of learned responses or habits.
-include habits
- Deemphasize biological or cognitive components
- Personality is just behavior and all behavior is learned
- Difficult to explain temperament |
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| in behaviorism, sets of well-learned responses that have become automatic |
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| Learning theory that includes cognitive processes such as anticipating, judging, memory, and imitation of models |
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| Bandura’s explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior |
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| An individual’s perception of how effective a behavior will be in any particular circumstance (not the same as self-esteem) |
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| Bandura's Model of Reciprocal Determinism |
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-Triangle Theory
- Google an image of it. |
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The “third force” in psychology that focuses on those aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice
-developed as a reaction against the negativity of psychoanalysis and the deterministic nature of behaviorism |
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| Self-Actualizing Tendency |
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| The striving to fulfill one’s innate capacities and capabilities |
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the image of oneself that develops from interactions with important, significant people in one’s life
-self-archetype that works with the ego to manage other archetypes and balance the personality |
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| one’s perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities |
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| one’s perception of whom one should be or would like to be |
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| warmth, affection, love, and respect that come from significant others in one’s life |
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| Rogers theory of self concept |
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a match between ideal and real self means HARMONY
a mismatch between them creates anxiety |
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| Unconditional Positive Regard |
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| positive regard that is given without conditions or strings attached |
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| Conditional Positive Regard |
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| positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish |
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| A person who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest, innermost urges and feelings |
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| Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs |
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| theories that endeavor to describe the characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior |
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| a list of about 200 traits and believed that these traits were part of the nervous system. |
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| the number of traits to between sixteen and twenty-three with a computer method called factor analysis. |
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| aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person |
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the more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality
- example: introversion: dimension of personality in which people tend to withdraw from excessive stimulation |
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| 5 Factor model (BIG FIVE) |
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model of personality traits that describe 5 basic trait dimensions
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism (OCEAN) |
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| one of the five factors; willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences |
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| the care a person gives to organization and thoughtfulness of others; dependability |
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| dimension of personality referring to one’s need to be with other people |
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| the emotional style of a person that may range from easygoing, friendly, and likeable to grumpy, crabby, and unpleasant |
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| degree of emotional instability or stability |
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| Trait-Situation Interaction |
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| the assumption that the particular circumstances of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed |
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| a field of study of the relationship between heredity and personality |
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| James Arthur Springer and James Edward Lewis, otherwise known as the “Jim” twins were separated shortly after birth and reunited at age thirty-nine; they exhibited many similarities in personality and personal habits |
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| Cultural Personality (4 basic Dimensions) |
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individualism/collectivism
power distance
masculinity/femininity
uncertainty avoidance |
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| method of personality assessment in which the professional asks questions of the client and allows the client to answer, either in a structured or unstructured fashion |
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| tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client’s behavior and statements |
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| defense mechanism involving placing, or “projecting,” one’s own unacceptable thoughts onto others, as if the thoughts actually belonged to those others and not to oneself |
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| personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind |
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| projective test that uses ten inkblots as the ambiguous stimuli |
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| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
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| projective test that uses twenty pictures of people in ambiguous situations as the visual stimuli |
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| concepts and impressions that are only valid within a particular person’s perception and may be influenced by biases, prejudice, and personal experiences; this is a problem with projective tests |
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| assessment in which the professional observes the client engaged in ordinary, day-to-day behavior in either a clinical or natural setting |
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| assessment in which a numerical value is assigned to specific behavior that is listed in the scale |
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| assessment in which the frequency of a particular behavior is counted |
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| paper and pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific, standardized response from the person taking the test |
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