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Final Biochem
Biochem notes
76
Biochemistry
Undergraduate 4
12/09/2014

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Term
During protein synthesis in eukaryotes, the first amino acid incorporated into the polypeptide chain is?
Definition
Methionine
Term
The 5' terminal cap structure of eukaryotic mRNA is an
Definition
7' - methylcytosine joined to the mRNA via a 5' to 5' triphosphate linkage
Term
Each tRNA contains trinucleotide sequence known as an _____ that is completeary to an mRNA codon specifying the tRNA's amino acid.
Definition
Anticodon
Term
How does RNA polymerase known which DNA strand to use as a template for transcription?
Definition
RNA polymerase binds to a specific DNA sequence called the promoter, which is present on only one strand for a given gene.
Term
In eukaryotes, mRNAs are synthesized in the cell____, whereas most translation occurs in the ____.
Definition
nucleus, cyctoplasm
Term
At the ribosome the template mRNA is translated in the ____ direction, while the protein is synthesized in the ___ direction.
Definition
5' to 3'; N-terminal to C terminal
Term
At the replication fork the ____ strand is synthesized continously while the ___ strand is synthesized discontinously.
Definition
leading, lagging
Term
DNA replication in E. coli begins at a site in the DNA called the
Definition
origin
Term
The process in which the gentic information present in an mRNA specifies the sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis is called
Definition
translation
Term
DNA polymerase requires a/an ___ for synthesis of DNA to occur.
Definition
DNA template, RNA primer, Free 3' -OH end of a DNA strand
Term
Which of the following types of RNA is an integral part of the ribosome?
Definition
rRNA
Term
DNA is unwound by
Definition
ligases
Term
E.coli DNA polymerase III
Definition
is the principal DNA polymerase in DNA replication
Term
An Okazaki fragment is a
Definition
segment of DNA that is an intermediate in the synthesis of lagging strand
Term
A nucleic acid is a polymer of
Definition
nucleotides held together by 3'-5' phosphodiester linkages.
Term
Which of the following nucleic acid bases is NOT in DNA?
Definition
uracil
Term
RNA can base-pair intramolecularly by forming _____ structures.
Definition
Stem-loop
Term
Histones are ____ that are usually associated with ____.
Definition
basic proteins; DNA
Term
Which of the following deoxyolignucleotides will hybridize with a DNA containing the sequence 5' AGACTGGTC 3' to form a double strand?
Definition
5' GACCAGTCT 3'
Term
The process of RNA synthesis using a DNA molecule as a template is called
Definition
transcription
Term
In DNA, the base pair ____ is held together by three hydrogen bonds; the base pair ___ has only two such bonds.
Definition
G-C, A-T
Term
Compounds that contain a nitrogenous base, a pentose, and a phosphate group are called ____
Definition
Nucleotides
Term
Individual amino acids are attached to their corresponding tRNAs:
Definition
Through an ester linkage to the 3' -OH in the acceptor stem.
Term
The large RNA protein complex that processes introns and exons is called ____.
Definition
the Spliceosome
Term
A gene contains two 100 bp (base pair) introns and three 50 bp exons. About how long is the mature RNA transcribed from this gene?
Definition
150 bp
Term
Sequences that are removed from the primary RNA transcript in eukaryotes are called
Definition
introns
Term
The process of DNA synthesis is called
Definition
replication
Term
Messenger RNA in eukaryotes is synthesized by an enzyme called:
Definition
RNA polymerase II
Term
DNA wraps around an octamer of histones to form bead-like structures called.
Definition
nucleosomes
Term
About how many nucleosomes could be made from a DNA strand consisting of 1000 base pairs?
Definition
5
Term
The 3' to 5' exonuclease activity of E. coli DNA polymerase III accounts for the ___ of polymerization.
Definition
low error rate
Term
The unambiguity and degeneracy of the genetic code can best be respectively exemplified by which of the following?
Definition
UUU codes only for phenolalanie (Phe), UUU and UUC both code for Phe
Term
Which posttranscriptional modification serves to identify the eukaryotic translation start site?
Definition
5' cap consisting of 7- methylguanosine
Term
The linkage of amino acids to form a protein is
Definition
peptide bonds
Term
Phosphorylation that change an enzyme's activity is an example of
Definition
covalent modification
Term
As a newly synthesized protein molecule leaves the ribosome, it may be aided in folding by:
Definition
Molecular chaperones
Term
As the polypeptide chain is synthesized, it must move from the amino acid site of the ribosome to the peptide site in order for a new tRNA molecule to come in and bind at the amino acid site. What is the source of energy which powers this translocation?
Definition
GTP
Term
What source of energy does aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase need to attach an amino acid to its tRNA?
Definition
ATP
Term
Amino acids are carried to the site of protein synthesis by:
Definition
transfer RNA
Term
During replication, strands of DNA would become highly tangled were it not for an enzyme called:
Definition
Topoisomerase
Term
During replication, one strand of the original DNA pair is incorporated into each of the new strands. This type of replication is described as:
Definition
semiconservative
Term
Which of the following is TRUE about the role of enzymes in catalyzing chemical reactions?
Definition
enzymes increase the rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy of a reaction.
Term
The organic molecule produced DIRECTLY by photosynthesis is:
Definition
carbohydrates
Term
Major structural differences between RNA and DNA include:
Definition
DNA is usually double stranded and contains deoxyribose and thymine.
Term
Which of the following is a peptide hormone?
Definition
insulin
Term
All of the statements below about metabolism are true Except:
Definition
Metabolism is not characterized by single reactions with large energy releases.
Term
The three-dimensional struture of macromolecules is formed and maintained primarily through noncovalent interactions. Which one of the following is NOT considered a noncovalent interaction?
Definition
Carbon-carbon bonds
Term
Replication results in a number of small pieces of DNA (Okazaki fragment). These are joined by enzymes called.
Definition
ligases
Term
In DNA, a cytosine base on one strand pairs with another base on the complementary strand. Which one?
Definition
guanine
Term
In humans MOST fatty acid synthesis takes place in:
Definition
the liver
Term
The complete set of mRNA produced within a cell is called its
Definition
transcriptome
Term
Proteins contain _____ that act as targeting signals to direct proteins to specific subcellular localization.
Definition
Signal sequences
Term
Of the two types of diabetes, which of the following situations is unique to type II diabetes?
Definition
an inability to respond insulin
Term
One distinction between peptide and steriod hormones is that peptide hormones:
Definition
bind to cell surface receptors, whereas steroid hormones are water soluble.
Term
When blood glucose is abnormally high, the pancreas releases:
Definition
insulin
Term
Which of the following pathways is stimulated by glucagon?
Definition
gluconeogensis
Term
The Cori Cycle
Definition
the production of lactate from glucogen in skeletal muscle with the resynthesis of glucose from lactate in liver.
Term
In animal cells, where does fatty acid synthesis occur?
Definition
In the cytosol
Term
Cyanide and carbon monoxide are lethal poisons because they can block ____ in mitochondria.
Definition
Electron transfer
Term
Opposing anabolic and catabolic pathways are often controlled at one or more unique steps in each pathway, which is?
Definition
irreversible
Term
Gluconeogenesis is the biosynthesis of glucose from simpler, non carbohydrate precursers such as:
Definition
Pyruvate
Term
The main function of the pentose phosphate pathway is to:
Definition
provide energy and reducing power
Term
The largest energy storage form in a well-nourished animal is:
Definition
carbohydrate
Term
During periods of fasting, when carbohydrate reserves have been exhausted, ____ can provide the glucose used for metabolism in tissues such as brain and erythrocytes.
Definition
gluconeogenesis
Term
Many proteins are processed by posttranslational modifications which include:
Definition
removal of N terminal methionine residue via proteolytic cleavage, phosphorylation, methylation, glycosylation
Term
The complete set of proteins produced within a cell is called its
Definition
proteome
Term
The complete set of an organism's DNA is called its
Definition
genome
Term
Transcriptionally inactive genes
Definition
often are methylated
Term
What is the first step in gene expression control?
Definition
control of replication
Term
A key reaction in gene activation is the acetylation of this (these) amino acids in histones.
Definition
arginine
Term
Genes expressed at all times and in all cells are subject to ___ expression.
Definition
Constitutive
Term
Eukaryotic translational control of gene expression includes:
Definition
phosphorylation of eIF2
Term
Which of the following statements about gene expression is FALSE?
Definition
The different cell types in a multicellular organism have the same pattern of gene expression.
Term
Which of the following molecules is NOT a gene product?
Definition
DNA
Term
An activator protein involved gene regulation can have the following domains, EXCEPT
Definition
transmembrane domain
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