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| The position of the frame in relation to what it shows: looking down from above (------); horizontal, on the same level (--------); looking up from below (---------). Citizen Kane contains many ------- shots, most notably, perhaps, in the confrontation between Leland and Kane after Kane has lost the election. |
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| The relative scale of the object in relation to the frame: ----, -----, ------- specify particular options for ------------. |
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| A system of cutting that maintains ------- and clear narrative action by matching position and temporal relations from shot to shot. |
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| A moving shot with a change of framing accomplished by mounting the camera on a ----- and moving it through the air; -------- usually begin or end with a high–angle shot. |
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| Editing that alternates shots of two or more lines of action occurring in different places, usually simultaneously—an instance occurs in Citizen Kane in the scene at the opera, where the film -------- between reaction shots of Kane, Bernstein, and Leland, and Susan Alexander’s performance onstage. |
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| An instantaneous change from one framing to another. In a ------- the change is only of time, not of framing. |
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| A use of lenses, lighting, and film stock that keeps both foreground and background in ----------. |
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| The world of the film’s story. Music that the characters in a film can hear, for instance, is -----; music that they cannot hear is non–-----. In Citizen Kane, the opera Salammbô is ------, the music we hear as the boy Charles Foster Kane is throwing his snowballs is non–------. |
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| A transition between shots in which one image gradually appears as a superimposition over the other, which gradually disappears. |
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| A long shot that shows the spatial relations among the important figures, objects, and setting in a scene. |
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| A two–shot sequence in which the first shot shows a character looking off in one direction and the second shows what he or she sees. |
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| A ----–-- begins with a dark screen that gradually brightens as a shot appears, a ------- does the reverse. |
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| A sequence in which the film moves back to show events that occurred before the narrative “present.” A ------- prefigures events that are yet to occur. |
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| A shot in which the camera moves to ------ a moving figure. |
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| A shot that continues for an unusual length of time before the transition to the next shot. |
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| All the elements placed in front of the camera to be photographed: settings and props, lighting, costumes, make–up etc. |
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| An approach to editing that emphasizes dynamic, often discontinuous relationships between shots and the juxtaposition of images to create ideas not present in the shots taken individually. In Eisenstein’s October, for instance, shots of Kerensky alternate with shots of a mechanical peacock, communicating the idea that “Kerensky is a peacock.” |
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| A camera movement with the camera turning to the right or left on a stationary tripod. A ------- is an extremely fast ---- that causes the image to blur; often a cut will join two ----- to create a trick transition between scenes. |
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| A shot taken with the camera placed approximately where the character’s eyes would be. |
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| Shifting the area of sharp focus from foreground to background (or vice versa) during a shot. |
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| A technique that combines foreground action in a studio with a background action filmed earlier, by projecting the background from behind onto a screen, before which the new action is filmed. A famous example occurs early in Raiders of the Lost Ark, where the gigantic boulder chases Indiana Jones through the cave. |
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| A segment of a film that contains a complete narrative action. |
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| An uninterrupted take from a single camera placement (whether static or moving). |
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| Two shots edited together that alternate characters who are looking at (and often talking to) one another. |
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| A camera movement with the camera body swiveling upward or downward, enabling the camera to scan a space vertically. An example in Citizen Kane is the shot of the bridge as the reporter Thompson goes to visit Leland at the hospital. |
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| A camera movement with the camera body moving horizontal to the ground on a moving support. |
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| A transition between shots in which a line passes across the screen, eliminating the first shot and replacing it with the next one. |
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| A ----- lens is one whose focal length can be adjusted in the course of a shot. A ---- in enlarges whatever is at the center of the image and gives the impression of traveling in toward the object, while a ---- out does the opposite. |
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