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Field Botany
Wildflowers and Plant Communities of the Southern Appalachian Mountains and Piedmont
99
Agriculture
Undergraduate 3
04/21/2014

Additional Agriculture Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term


Halesia tetraptera

Definition

Carolina Silverbell 

White bell shaped flowers

Pod-like fruits with 4 broad wings in summer/fall

Identity Feature: Stretch marks on young stems 

Small understory tree

Bees pollinate in early spring 

Term

 

Tsuga caroliniana 

Definition

Carolina/Eastern Hemlock

Needle-like leaves are spread in all directions (Unlike Canada Hemlock)

Has larger cones than Canada Hemlock

Dry, rocky sites

Shade and Drough Tolerant 

Term

 

Hydrangea radiata

Definition

Silverleaf hydrangea

Deciduous shrub

Leaves opposite

Small flowers are fertile

Larger flowers are sterile but attractive

Term

 

Rosa multiflora

Definition

Multiflora Rose

Pinnately compound leaves

Showy clusters of white to pink flowers

Bright red fruits that persist into winter

Shade intolerant

Introduced - Asia 

Used as a "living fence" 

Term

 

Anemone quinquefolia

Definition

Wood anemone

Deeply divided leaves with 3 or 5 lobes

Solitary white flowers w/ 5 petal like sepals

Spring ephemeral 

Climate impact - Flowers 15 days sooner due to warmer temperatures 

Term

 

Maianthemum racemosum

Definition

Plumed/False Solomon's Seal

Alternate leaves

Conspicuous parallel veins

Tiny white flowers in dense terminal clusters

Spread via rhizomes

2 years to germinate

Depends on insects cross pollinating 

Mildly cathartic red fruits 

Term

 

Mitchella repens

Definition

Partridge Berry

Prostrate evergreen

Round berry-like fruits persist through winter

Forests with acidic soils

Takes 2 flowers to mature a fruit

Term

 

Polygonatum biflorum

Definition

Soloman's Seal

Alternate Leaves

Conspicuous veins 

Bell shaped flowers hang beneath leaves

Spread via rhizome

Exhibits di- and tetra-ploidy 

Term

 

Prosartes lanuginosa

Definition

Yellow Mandarin 

Alternate, sessile leaves with prominent veins

Flowers are nodding, yellow-green, bell shaped

Nutrient rich deciduous woods

Orange-red fruits

Term

 

Tiarella cordifolia

Definition

Foamflower

Leaves resemble a maple leaf

Dense clusters of white flowers in spring

Orange anthers

Moist forests

Leaves persist for one year and are high in tannins

Term

 

Trillium discolor 

Definition

Pale Yellow Trillium 

Mottled leaved

Sessile flowers with 3 upright, pale yellow, spoon shaped petals

Restricted to the Savannah River drainage

Ant dispersal - elaiosome 

 

Term

 

Trillium vaseyi

Definition

Vasey's Trillium 

Solitary maroon flower

Largest flower of native trilliums

Slow to develop (10 yrs from germination to flowering)

Sweet fragrance

Term

 

Quercus montana

Definition

Chestnut Oak

Slow growing, long lived

Leaves lack bristles (white oak tribe)

Dry upland slopes and ridgetops

Shade intolerant

Well adapted to fire

Acorns

Term

 

Aesculus sylvatica 

Definition

Painted Buckeye 

Palmately compound leaves

Tubular corolla (yellow to red)

Poisonous substance called aesculin in leaves and seeds

Native Americans used to catch fish

Term

 

Opuntia humifusa

Definition

Eastern Prickly Pear

Prostrate native cactus

Photosynthetic stems

Ripe fruits are edible 

Term

 

Packera obovata

Definition

Roundleaf Ragwort

Member of the sunflower family

Perennial herb

Dense colonies via stolons 

Term

 

Stellaria pubera

Definition

Giant Chickweed

Weak stemmed

Perennial

White star-like flowers

5 deeply cleft flowers (looks like 10)

Flowers promote cross pollination

Anthers release pollen before stigmas are receptive

Term

 

Tradescantia hirsuticaulis 

Definition

Hairy Spiderwort

Linear leavse and parallen veins

Flowers with 3 blue to rose petals and 6 stamens

Bees pollinate

Can be used to detect air pollution (flowers)

Term

Verbascum thapsus

Definition

Woolly Mullein 

Basal rosette of large, thick, velvety leaves

Yellow flowers in dense terminal spike

Disturbed areas

Non-native 

Shade intolerant 

Term

 

Yucca filamentosa

Definition

Beargrass

Curly fibers along leaf margins

Obligate mutualism with Yucca Moth

Intentional pollenation 

Term

 

Cheilanthes 

Definition

Hairy Lip Fern

Evergreen fern

Rock outcrops

Dehydration tolerant 

Looks like a little baby fern

Term

 

Cladina

Definition

Reindeer lichen 

Silver grey when dry, greenish when moist

Fungus and cyanobacterium

Do not have roots - can grow on bare rock

Indicator of air quality - Particularly Sulfur Dioxide

Term

 

Grimmia

Definition

Dry Rock Moss

Pin-cushion like growth

Black when dry

Absorb moisture from air

Facilitate colonization by other species

Dehydration tolerant 

Term

 

Selaginella

Definition

Twisted Hair Spikemoss

Moss-like but is vascular

Reproduces via spores 

Clonal growth

Colonizes shallow soils 

Dehydration tolerant 

Term

 

Aesculus flava

Definition

Yellow Buckeye

Develops into large tree 

Moist fertile soils in the mountains

Shade tolerant

Pollen dispersal by hummingbirds

Term

 

Leucothoe

Definition

Mountain Doghobble

Evergreen shrub with arching stems

Moist acidic soils, along streams and in ravines in the mountains

Dense thickets provide protection

Term

 

Lindera benzoin

Definition

Spicebush

Aromatic 

Moist woods with fertile soils

More males than females in most populations

Lipid rich fruits in late summer/fall

Term

 

Rhododendron maximum 

Definition

Rosebay

Evergreen shrub

Moist acidic woods to dry rocky slopes

Largest and most common rhododendron

Prescribed burns used to control

Wildlife thickets 

Term

 

Chrysogonum virginianum

Definition

Green and Gold

Pubescent, opposite leaves

Member of the sunflower family - bright yellow heads (3 notches in ray flowers)

Term

 

Diphasiastrum 

Definition

Running Cedar

Club moss family

Remains are a main source of today's coal

Reproduces by spores

Spores are high in oil - used as flash powder 

Term

 

Erigeron

Definition

Robin's Plantain

Perennial herb

Daisy-like flower heads (50-100 ray flowers)

Wind dispersal 

AKA: Fleabane 

Term

 

Hepatica acutiloba

Definition

Acute-Lobed Hepatica

Clusters of 3-lobed evergreen leaves

Flowers are nectarless

Flowers have ability to self pollinate

Ants disperse seeds - elaiosome

Term

 

Pleopeltis polypodioides

Definition

Resurrection Fern

Evergreen

Epiphytic fern

Dessication tolerant 

Water uptake mostly via leaves

Spreads by spores and stolons

Term

 

Thalictrum thalictroides

Definition

Meadowrue 

Each leaf has 3 leaflets

3 shallow rounded lobes on leaflets

Flowers in umbels

Moist forests

Can handle being stepped on 

Term

 

Viola sororia

Definition

Common Blue Violet 

Basal rosette of broadly heart-shaped leaves

disturbed areas

Term

 

Carya ovata

Definition

Shagbark Hickory

Bark forms long strips that curl outward

Pinnately compound leaves with 5 leaflets

Round nut with thick husk

Slow growing, long lived, shade tolerant

Deep taproot seedlings

Passenger pigeon used to disperse seeds 

Term

 

Liriodendron tulipifera

Definition

Tulip Tree

Straight trunk

Distinctive broadly lobed leaves

yellow/green tulip shaped leaves

Persistent cone shaped fruits with large winged seeds

Two species in genus - ENA and Asia

Gap dependent species

Term

 

Pinus echinata 

Definition

Short Leaf Pine

Pinholes in bark

Needs 3-5 inches long 

Fasicles of 2

Small egg-shaped cones

Drops lower branches

Can resprout after burns 

 

Term

 

Ulmus alata

Definition

Winged Elm

Corky wing projections on twigs

Suceptible to Dutch Elm disease

Planted as a shade tree

Drought tolerant 

Fast growing 

Doubly serrate leaves 

Term

 

Aplectrum 

Definition

Adam and Eve (puttyroot)

Single leaf

Many narrow white longitudinal ridges

Leaf withers in the spring

Mucilaginous tissue in corms

Monotypic genus

Fertile moist soils 

 

Term

 

Carex plantaginea 

Definition

Plantainleaf Sedge

Prominent midrib

Looks similar to monkey grass

Almost all sedges are wind pollinated

Term

 

Podophyllum 

Definition

Mayapple

Large umbrella like leaves

Solitary nodding white flowers

Deceptive pollenation

Treats certain types of cancer

Term

 

Sanguinaria

Definition

Bloodroot

Large solitary white flower

Moist forests

Leaf is initially vertical, later becomes horizontal

War paint dye

Carcinogenic 

Term

 

Shortia galacifolia 

Definition

Oconee Bells

Shiny circular leaves with serrate margins

White bell shaped flowers

Looks similar to galax

Moist slopes - Habitat restrictions limit (rare)

Restricted to gorges in Blue Ridge escarpment in SC, NC and GA

Discovered by Andre Michaux

Term

 

Tipularia discolor

Definition

Cranefly orchid

Wintergreen species

Green upper surface, purple lower surface

Pollinated by night flying moths

Deer commonly eat leaves

Term

 

Trillium cuneatum 

Definition

Sweet Betsy

Moist woods, calcium rich soils

Ant dispersal - elaiosomes

Mottled leaves, Maroon sepals

Term

 

Viola hastata

Definition

Halberdleaf Yellow Violet

Perennial

2-4 arrowhead shaped leaves

Bright yellow flowers

Moist deciduous forests

Cleistogamous 

Ballistic seed dispersal in all violets 

Term

 

Cardamine hirsuta 

Definition

Bittercress

Winter annual

Small white flowers with 4 petals

Ballistic seed dispersal 

Term

 

Galium

Definition

Catchweed Bedstraw

Winter annual 

Whorled leaves, tiny white flowers

Stems have recurved bristles

Hitchhiker dispersal

Term

 

Geranium carolinianum

Definition

Carolina Geranium 

Winter annual

Pale pink to white flowers

Disturbed sites

Self burial mechanism of seeds

Term

 

Lamium amplexicaule

Definition

Henbit

Winter Annual

Pinkish tubular flowers in whorls

Fuzzy flower tops

Cleistogamous species

Term

 

Lamium purpureum

Definition

Deadnettle

Crowded, overlapping, petioled upperleaves

Is NOT cleistogamous 

Winter annual

Purplish color leaves at top 

Term

 

Poa annua

Definition

Annual Bluegrass

Distinctive boat shaped tip

Fibrous root system

Many ecotypes 

Prolific seed producer 

Term

 

Stellaria media 

Definition

Common Chickweed

Mat forming species

Vertical band of hairs on stem

Winter annual 

Term

 

Veronia hederifolia 

Definition

Ivyleaf Speedwell

Light lavender to blue flowers

Winter annual

3-5 shallow lobes in leaves 

Term

 

Viola bicolor 

Definition

Field Pansy

Blue-violet to yellow 

Cleistogamous

Winter Annual 

Term

 

Allium

Definition

Wild Garlic

Hollow cylindrical leaves

May or may not have flowers

sometimes just bulbils present 

Term

 

Taraxacum

Definition

Common dandelion

Good nectar and pollen source

Seeds produce asexually

Wind dispersed seeds 

Winter perennial 

Term

 

Trifolium repens

Definition

White Clover

Perennial

Trifoliate leaves

Spreads via stolons and rooting at nodes

Pollinated by bees 

Seeds lack dormancy

Shallow fibrous root system - vulnerable to drought

Term

 

Erythronium

Definition

Dimpled Trout Lily

Spring ephemeral

Solitary yellow flower above mottled leaves

Pollination and fruit set is high

Has elaiosome

 

Term

 

Galax

Definition

Galax or Skunkweed

Dense clusters of round, shiny leaves

Anthocyanin

Shade tolerant

Multiple flowers per flower stalk

Both diploid and tetraploid possible 

Term

 

Pinus pungens

Definition

Table Mountain Pine

Shade intolerant

Slow growing

Dry woods, ridges, usually at higher elevations

Serotinous cones

Main threat: Fire suppression 

Term

 

Pinus virginiana

Definition

Virginia Pine

Short needles in fasicles of 2

Cones persist on trees

Invades after fires

Early successional species

Prolific seed producer

Christmas Trees

Term

 

Quercus coccinea

Definition

Scarlet Oak 

Deeply lobed leaves

Shade intolerant

Thin bark

Tolerates drought

Term

 

Arundinaria appalachiana

Definition

Hill Cane

Native bamboo

Woody base

Forms dense stands called canebreaks

Infrequent flowering 

Monocarpic

Asexual reproduction is common

Term

 

Kalmia latifolia

Definition

Mountain Laurel

Evergreen shrub

Round capsule fruits, persist through winter

Member of the heath family

Acidic soils 

Term

 

Rhododendron minus

Definition

Gorge Rhododendron

Large terminal bud

Brown underneath the leaf

Leaves are somewhat smaller

Leaves often curl in times of drought

Term

 

Andropogon

Definition

Broomsedge

Warm sedge perennial bunchgrass (it is a grass, not a sedge)

Looks wheaty

Short lived

Shade intolerant

Benefits from fire

Term

 

Epigaea repens

Definition

Trailing Arbutus

Prostrate plant

Small clusters of white to pinkish flowers 

Health family

Acid loving

Heavily veined

Elaiosomes 

Term

 

Fagus grandifolia

Definition

American Beech

Smooth grey bark 

Deciduous trees, tan leaves persist overwinter

Lanceolate buds

Mesic forests

Thin bark

Term

 

Liquidambar

Definition

Sweetgum

Star shaped leaves

Corky wing like projections on bark

Spiny ball like fruits

Sun loving

Prolific seed producer

Clonal species

Term

 

Gelsemium sempervirens

Definition

Carolina Jessamine

Wiry reddish stems

bright yellow funnel shaped flowers

Alkaloid

Twining vine

State flower of SC

Term

 

Lonicera japonica

Definition

Japanese Honeysuckle

Flowers white fading to yellow

Tubular and very fragrant

Exotic invasive

Constricts trees

Destroys herbaceous layer

Pollinated by bees and moths

Term

 

Chimaphila

Definition

Pipsissewa or  Striped Wintergreen

Thick leaves with white stripe on midrib

Very shade tolerant

 

Term

 

Hexastylis 

Definition

Little Brown Jugs

Smooth, arrow head evergreen leaves

Ginger-like odor but not related to ginger

Lays up or down depending on temperature

Elaiosomes

Term

 

Polystichum

Definition

Christmas Fern

Common evergreen fern

Erect or prostrate depending on temperatures

Term

 

Phoradendron

Definition

American Mistletoe

Hemiparasite

Upper canopy of trees

Seeds are sticky

Uses tree nutrients and photosynthesizes itself

Term

 

Pinus taeda

Definition

Loblolly pine

Long fasicles of 3

Common in piedmont

Sharp prickles

Thick Bark

Suceptible to southern Pine beetle

Timber

Term

 

Magnolia grandiflora

Definition

Southern Magnolia

Large terminal bud

Native to coastal plain

Mainly moist fertile soils along rivers and swamps

Pollinated by beetles

Ornamental 

Term

 

Hedera helix

Definition

English Ivy

Evergreen vine

Introduced

Can cause a strain on host tree (weight)

Used for landscaping

Term

 

Ilex opaca

Definition

American Holly

Evergreen tree

Dioecious

Thin bark

Low nutrients in leaves and fruits

Ornamental

Term

 

Juniperus virginiana

Definition

Eastern Red Cedar

Evergreen tree

Tiny scale like leaves

Fleshy blueish cones

Most widely distributed conifer in the US

Drought tolerant

Shade intolerant 

Term

 

Pinus strobus

Definition

Eastern White Pine

Branches in whorls

Needles in fasicles of 5

White pine blister rust

Uses: Shade tree and Lumber

Term

 

Ligustrum sinense

Definition

Chinese privet

Evergreen to semi-evergreen shrub

Leaves are opposite

Fragrant white flowers 

Moist soils, abundant light

Exotic invasive

Chokes out other plants 

Term

 

Elaeagnus

Definition

Autumn Olive 

Sharp thorns

Dark green above, silvery below leaves

Red fruits

Exotic invasive

Abundant fruits

Term

 

Pinus palustris

Definition

Longleaf Pine

Long needles (10-18" long)

3 per fasicle

Fire dependent

Used for pine straw covering

Term

 

Tsuga canadensis

Definition

Canada/Eastern Hemlock

Flattened needle like leaves

Two white lines below leaves

Cool ravines and coves

Hardwood and long lived

Shade tolerant

Shallow roots

Hemlock woolly adelgid

Term

 

Asplenium

Definition

Walking Fern

Narrow evergreen fronds

Long pointed tip

Grows on moist boulders (basic rocks)

Spreads by spores and rooting at tip

Term

 

Cardamine concatenata

Definition

Cutleaf Toothwort

Perennial herb

Single whorl of 3 stem leaves

Small white to pinkish cross shaped flowers 

Spring ephemeral

Edible rhizome 

Term

 

Caulophyllum

Definition

Blue Cohosh

Perennial Herb

Compound leaves

Blue, berry like seds

Grows on nutrient rich soils

Term

 


Claytonia

Definition

Spring Beauty

Herbaceous perennial

Spring ephemeral

Small white flowers with dark pink veins

Starchy corms

Term

 

Dicentra

Definition

Dutchman's Britches

Spring ephemeral

Alkaloids in foliage deter animals

Term

 

Marchantia

Definition

Liverwort

Non-vascular

Moist rock or bare soil

400 million years old 

Spreads by fragmentation, sexually and asexually produced spores (gemmae) in splash cups

Term

 

Micranthes

Definition

Brook Lettuce

Herbaceous perennial 

Grows on spray cliffs and seepage slopes

Basal rosette

Term

 

Trillium grandiflorum

Definition

Large Flowered Trillium

Whorl of 3 solid green leaves

Large funnel shaped white flower

Produces both nectar and pollen

Term

 

Uvularia grandiflora

Definition

Large Flowered Bellwort

Leaves alternate, perfoliate

Elaiosomes

Petals and leaves appear limp, even when fresh

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