Term
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Definition
| The science which encompasses the observation, identification, description, and prediction of patterns and processes related to the distributions and abundances of organisms in time and space. |
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Term
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Definition
| The management of human use of the biosphere so that it may yield the greatest sustainable benefit to present generations, while maintaining its potential to meet the needs and aspirations of future generations. |
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Term
| Why is conservation positive? |
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Definition
| Conservation is positive, embracing preservation, maintenance, sustainable utilization, restoration, and enhancement of the natural environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Achieving conservation through the application of principles from ecology, economics, and sociology to maintain, monitor, or modify ecological units (populations communities , ecosystems, or landscapes) to achieve predictable results, with a high level of confidence that the predictions will be accurate and the results repeatable. |
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Term
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Definition
| The variety of life, and its processes including the variety of living organisms, the genetic differences among them, and the communities and ecosystems in which they occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| global: 260,000, NA: >8000, local:1651 |
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Term
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Definition
| global: 22,000, NA: 2131, local:75 |
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Term
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Definition
| global: 2500, NA: 221, local:20 |
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Term
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Definition
| global: 6000, NA: 275, local:30 |
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Term
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Definition
| global: 9-10,000, NA:858, local:339 |
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Term
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Definition
| global: 4,500, NA: 447, local:50 |
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Term
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Definition
| global: 9,000,000 (7,500,000 insects) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| # species in North America |
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Definition
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Term
| # Species in Cayuga Lake Basin |
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Definition
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Term
| Questions asked by naturalists, field biologists, and resource managers |
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Definition
A.What is it? – Taxonomy
B.What is it doing? – Animal Behavior
C.Where is it found? Locally/globally
D.When is it found?
E.How many are there? Population estimates/statistics
F.Is the population size increasing, decreasing, or remaining the same?
G.Why? |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| seasonal patterns (migrations, blooming) |
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Term
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Definition
| botanist and Dean of the College of Agriculture |
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Term
| John Henry and Anna Botsford Comstock |
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Definition
| entomologists and science educators |
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Term
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Definition
| ichthyologist (fish) and first president of Stanford University |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Arthur A. Allen and Peter Paul Kellogg |
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Definition
| Ornithologists (founders of the Laboratory of Ornithology) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Statistics are the tools to take observations, etc and make something out of them – understanding trends |
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Term
| What is conservation policy based on? |
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Definition
Ecology – ecologically sound
Economics – economically feasible
Ethics – ethically acceptable |
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Term
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Definition
| the closeness of a measured or compared value to its true value |
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Term
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Definition
| the closeness of repeated measurements of the same quantity to each other |
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Term
| Adaptive resource management asks a series of questions |
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Definition
1. Where are we?
2. Where do we want to go?
3. How do we get there?
4. Did we make it? |
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Term
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Definition
| integrates scientific knowledge of ecological relationships within a complex sociopolitical and values framework toward the general goal of protecting native ecosystem integrity over the long term |
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Term
| Attributes of effective management |
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Definition
1.Biologically sound (i.e. based in peer-reviewed science)
2.Economically viable
3.Socially and politically acceptable
4.Ethically sound and responsible |
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Term
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Definition
| An approach to management that does not deny future generations the opportunities and resources we enjoy today |
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Term
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Definition
| Advocacy for full consideration of relevant science, not advocacy for a particular position – scientists as arbiters or “honest brokers” of “truth” |
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Term
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Definition
1. Maintaining viable populations
2. Ecosystem representation
3. Maintaining ecological process (i.e., natural disturbance regimes)
4. Protecting evolutionary potential of species and ecosystems
5. Accommodating human use in light of the above |
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Term
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Definition
| A measurable response of a species population to environmental structure and variability (e.g. vegetation height, water depth, substrate characteristics) in space and time |
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Term
| Characteristics of habitat |
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Definition
1.Persistence in space and time
2.Spatial heterogeneity
a.vertical structure (high, medium, low)
b.horizontal patchiness (coniferous, shrubby, deciduous)
3.Measurable area
4.Productivity (biomass)
5.Associated, co-occurring species (species/habitat matrices)
6.Resilience |
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Term
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Definition
| represents vegetative structure |
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Term
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Definition
| represents vegetative species composition |
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Term
| Desirable attributes of land-cover, land-use, and vegetation classifications: |
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Definition
1. Hierarchical
2. Represents vegetative structure (physiognomy)
3. Represents vegetative species composition (floristics)
4. Units are responsive to measurable and mappable edaphic factors (e.g. aspect, elevation, soil type, hydrology)
5. Applicable over extensive areas
6. Application of the classification must be repeatable and consistent
7. Spatially explicit and referenced
8. Units are detectable from remote sensing platforms
9. Subject to periodic, expert review (i.e. peer-reviewed) |
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Term
| Enabling skills and tools useful in habitat vegetation studies |
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Definition
An ability to identify plants and animals
Aerial photography/interpretation
Satellite imagery/digital image processing
Global positioning system (GPS)
Geographic information systems (GIS) |
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Term
| Relevant research and management questions in regards to habitat |
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Definition
A. How much habitat is available and how much is needed?
B. How is the habitat distributed in space and time?
C. What is the habitat quality and how is habitat quality assessed (species presence necessary but not sufficient)? |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of lakes and ponds (still waters) |
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Term
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Definition
| of or referring to still waters |
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Term
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Definition
| of or referring to flowing waters |
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Term
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Definition
| (relative term) referring to a location nearer to the beginning of a river or stream than to its end, where it flows into a larger lentic or lotic body of water |
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Term
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Definition
| (relative term) referring to a location nearer to the end of a river or stream than to its beginning |
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Term
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Definition
| of or referring to a river or stream |
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Term
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Definition
organic material from outside stream boundaries provides energy source (typical of headwater streams and
tailwaters) |
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Term
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Definition
| organic material comes largely from within the stream itself (typical of mid-reach streams) |
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Term
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Definition
| the landscape drained by a stream and its tributaries |
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Term
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Definition
referring to the terrestrial corridor associated with
flowing waters |
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Term
| Characteristics of streams and rivers: |
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Definition
1.Directional, flowing water
2.Predictable, periodic, natural disturbances (e.g. spring floods at temperate latitudes)
3.Interconnectedness
4.Predictable patterns of erosion and deposition
5.Periodic nutrient enrichment of floodplain by episodic flooding
6.Horizontal and vertical stratification of rates of laminar flow |
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Term
| Physical gradients of change from headwaters to tailwaters: |
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Definition
1. Channel width increases
2. Channel depth increases
3. Stream order (number) increases (low – headwater, high-tailwater)
4. Distance between riffles and pools increases (5-7 avg stream widths b/w successive riffles and pools)
5. Rate of flow changes from relatively fast to relatively slow |
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Term
| Biological gradients of change from headwaters to tailwaters: |
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Definition
1. Collectors increase in relative abundance
2. Shredders diminish in relative abundance
3. Stream channel shading by vegetation tends to diminish (temperature and water quality regulation)
4. P/R from <1 to >1 to <1
5. Fine particulate organic matter (FPOM) increases, coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) decreases
6. Maximum daily temp. range (ΔT max) changes from small, to larger, back to small
7. Trend from more allochthonous to more autochthonous |
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Term
Conservation issues and consequences - the “sinister sextet” (Allan and Flecker
1993) |
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Definition
A. Habitat loss and degradation (channelization, impoundment)
B. Spread of invasive, exotic (non-native) species of plants and animals
C. Secondary extinctions
D. Excessive exploitation
E. Chemical and organic pollution (point source and non-point source)
F. Global climate change |
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Term
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Definition
| lotic systems are resilient and recovery can be speedy if mitigation is applied |
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Term
| Center of Amphibian diversity |
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Definition
| Central and South America |
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Term
| Center of Reptile diversity |
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Definition
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Term
| most diverse family (amphibian) |
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Definition
| Leptodactylidae (Order Anura)w. 700+ species |
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Term
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Definition
| lungless salamanders. 375/535 species globally (70%). Primarily North American, 1 asian species |
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Term
| Most diverse family (reptiles) |
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Definition
| Colubridae (Order Squamata) w. 1550 species |
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Term
| Most widespread genus of reptiles |
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Definition
| Nerodia - North temperate water snakes |
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Term
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Definition
A. Loss and degradation of freshwater habitats for amphibians, especially vernal pools
B. Potential effects of acid precipitation and global warming, especially on amphibians
C. Absence of effective regulations and effective enforcement of existing regulations applicable to the pet
trade, for both amphibians and reptiles (see example on back of this page)
D. Public ignorance and apathy
1. Biblical invocations against reptiles, especially snakes
2. Existence of many amphibians goes largely unknown – they are cryptic and often nocturnal
E. Until recently (October 1995), few guidelines for assessing population status of amphibians (see
http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/naamp/); still no equivalent for reptiles
F. Captive propagation can work for some species (e.g. American Alligator, formerly federally Endangered)
G. Most at-risk class of terrestrial vertebrates |
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Term
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Definition
| forming of mountain ranges |
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Term
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Definition
Dragonflies and Damselflies
Global-5700
NA-450
NY-175 |
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Term
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Definition
Butterflies and moths
Global-165,000
NA-11,270
NY-125 |
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Term
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Definition
"unequal wings" - dragonflies
-wings held horizontally when resting
-eggs deposited directly into water
-nymphs heavy-bodied |
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Term
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Definition
"similar wings" - damselflies
-wings folded together vertically when resting
-eggs deposited within emergent vegetation
-nymphs slender-bodied |
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Term
| Similarities to Birds (Odonata) |
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Definition
Powered flight
Males/adults more brightly colored
Migratory – poorly understood
Males establish/defend territory, guard females after mating
May be indicators of environmental health |
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Term
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Definition
global-20,00
NA - 800
NY-120 |
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Term
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Definition
| cabbage white and european skipper |
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Term
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Definition
| any information that can be related to a map |
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Term
| Examples of GIS coverages |
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Definition
1. Topography
2. Soil types
3. Geology (stratigraphy)
4. Hydrology
5. Vegetation types
6. Land ownership and management authority
7. Land use/cover
8. Species distributions and/or abundances
9. A map with geo-political boundaries |
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Term
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Definition
1. Remote sensing technology
2. Thematic maps
3. Computers and specialized GIS software
4. Statistics |
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Term
| Minimum components (GIS coverages) for Gap Analysis |
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Definition
1.Map of current, actual vegetation types
2.Map of boundaries for managed lands and preserves
3.Distributions of terrestrial vertebrates
4.Locations for endangered and threatened, sensitive, or special concern species |
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Term
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Definition
1.Create vegetation base map
2.Overlay species distributions
3.Predict and identify regions of actual or potential high species richness
4.Overlay managed lands and preserves (“protected areas”)
5.Identify coincidence of protected areas with high species richness
6.Identify regions of high species richness that are not protected (“gaps”)
7.Plan and implement strategies to achieve long term protection of gaps |
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