Term
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Definition
Premature Atrial Contraction- ectopic beats; common findings in healthy premature and term babies.
most common in 3rd trimester, present as xtr beat or missed beat.
ass. w/ structural heart disease, intracardiac tumors and redunancy of the membrane of foramen ovale |
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Term
| which is worse: bradycardia or tachycardia? why? |
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Definition
| tachycardia- can lead to CHF, dilated cardiomyopathy, neurologic lesions, and death |
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Term
| what is considered tachycardia? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is considered bradycardia? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is range for normal heart rate? |
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Definition
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Term
| with cardiac rythem the AV ratio should be? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is tetrology of fallot? and what are clue to look for it? |
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Definition
pulmonary stenosis, thickened Rt. Ventricle wall, ventricular septal defect, aorta overrides septal defect.
clues: abnormal 3 vessel view( misalignment of vessels, disproportion w/ larger aorta), large septal defect, aorta overrides septal defect, 4 chamber view shows left deviation of cardiac axis |
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Term
| what is transpostion of the great vessels and what are some clues in looking for this? |
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Definition
connection b/w the ventricles and great arterial trunks is reversed- Rt. ventricle connected to aorta and Lt. ventricle to the pulmonary artery.
clues: arteries dont criss cross
aorta arises anterior to pulmonary artery
can have VSD
aorta is attached to Rt. ventricle |
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Term
| what is an interrupted aorta? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is coarctation of the aorta? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is AV canal? whats another name for it and what are clues to look for? |
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Definition
Atrioventricular Canal, AKA endocardial cushion defect.
seen in 4 chamber view
common AV annulus
no medial leaflets
common w/ visceral heterotaxy
single inflow by color doppler
50% have chromo abns.- look for other malfs. |
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Term
| what is hypoplastic left heart and what are clues? |
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Definition
Left ventricle doesnt develop, usually due to mitral atresia.
clues: only 1 ventricle seen
only 1 great artery
abn 3 vessel view
only 1 AV valve seen clearly
severe disproportion |
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Term
| what are the 6 main types of CHD? |
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Definition
1. Hypoplasia
2.stenosis
3. Vessels placed incorrectly
4. Atresia
5. Septal defect-hole
6. situs abnormalities |
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Term
| what does the aortic arch asses? |
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Definition
normal LV connection
size of the valve
no coarctation(narrowing)
head and neck vessels |
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Term
| what does the short axis RVOT asses? |
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Definition
pulmonary cusps
main pulmonary artery
Rt. and Lt. pulmonary arteries
aorta and cusps
Lt. atrial cavity |
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Term
| what does the RVOT asses? |
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Definition
| pulmonic valve, aorta superior to ductus |
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Term
what does the LVOT asses?
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Definition
confirms ventriculoarterial connections ( PA> rt ventricle and aorta> Lt. ventricle)
VSD's
abnormal dimensions-Stenosis
Abnormal position- Overriding Aorta
crossing nature of LVOt andRVOT |
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Term
| what does the 3 vessel view asses? |
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Definition
vessel number, alignment, and size
branch pulmonary arteries
trachea and bronchi |
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Term
| what 7 malformations does a good 4 chamber heart view r/o? |
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Definition
1. ventricular hypoplasia
2. epsteins'abnormality
3. congenital diaphragmatic hernia
4. proportions of ventricles
5. septal defects
6.cardiomegaly
7.mass |
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Term
| what is the best for evaluation of possible septal defects? |
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Definition
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Term
| what 7 images should be obtained in a basic fetal heart exam? |
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Definition
1. TRV view of upper abdomen
2. 3 vessel view
3. RVOT view
4. Aortic arch
5. 4 chamber
6.LVOT view
7. Basal short-axis view |
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Term
| 4 types of fetal heart malformations? |
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Definition
| structural, cardiac tumors, rhythm disturbances, functional abnormalities |
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Term
| what is normal heart rate? |
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Definition
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Term
| where is the ductus arteriosis and what is its purpose? |
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Definition
connects the main pulmonary artery to the aorta.
allows oxygenated blood to bypass the lungs and go to the systemic circulation |
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Term
| where is the foramen ovale and what is its purpose? |
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Definition
in the interatrial septum b/w the right and left atrium.
it delivers oxygenated blood from the rt atrium to the Lt atrium and then thru the Lt ventricle to the head adn upper extremities. |
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Term
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Definition
| the majority of IVC blood flow crosses the foramen ovale and into the Lt. atrium bypassing the lungs, some blood flow enters the rt atrium. it is an anatomical opening b/w the rt. atrium and left atrium which cloes shortly after birth |
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Term
| where are the AV valves and describe the difference b/w them. |
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Definition
tricuspid valve- ( right AV valve) 3 fan shaped leaflets connected to 3 sets of chordae tendineae that are connected to 3 papillary muscles. has more inferior or apical insertion point.
mitral valve- (left AV valve) 2 fan shaped or triangular leaflets inserted more superiorly on septum toward the base of the heart. 2 sets of chordae and 2 papillary muscles |
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Term
| what is the normal size of the heart in comparison to the chest? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the normal axis of the heart? |
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Definition
45 degree angle
AP line in center of fetus usually goes through RA and RV |
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Term
| ductal arch has what kind of appearance? |
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Definition
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Term
| aortic arch has what kind of appearance? |
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Definition
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Term
| how should the RVOT and LVOT course ? |
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Definition
| 90 degree angle to eachother |
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Term
| how should the aorta and pulmonary artery compare in size? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the purpose of assessing the outflow tracts and short axis views? |
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Definition
documents relationships b/w the great vessels
asses IVC<SVC inflow into the rt. atrium |
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Term
| where are the pulmonary veins seen? |
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Definition
4 chamber view
left atrium |
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Term
| where is the Eustachian valve? |
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Definition
rt. atrium (marks the entrance of the IVC)
valve of the IVC |
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