Term
| What are the characteristics of the female reproductive system? |
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Definition
Cyclical changes in activity- menstrual cycle
Restricted periods of fertility-ovulation
Limited gamete (ova) productions- pool is established at birth |
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Term
| Pattern of female reproductive activity in adolescence (up to 10-14 yrs old) |
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Definition
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Term
| Pattern of female reproductive activity in puberty (10-14 yrs old) |
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Definition
sexual maturation
reproductive organs mature (can produce gametes)
Secondary sexual characteristics develop |
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Term
| When do females lost the ability to reproduce? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
produce female gametes (ova)
Secrete sex hormones: estrogens and proesterone |
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Term
| What is the reproductive tract? |
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Definition
| uterus, uterine tubes, vagina |
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Term
| What is the site of fetal development? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the uterus is the body? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What makes up the birth canal? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the outer layer wall of uterus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the middle layer wall of uterus? Characteristics? |
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Definition
Myometrium
smooth muscle
thickest layer |
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Term
| What is the inner layer of wall of uterus? Characteristics? |
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Definition
Endometrium
Layer of epithelial cells, connective tissue with blood vessels and numerous glands |
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Term
| What are the uterine tubes also known as? What do they do? |
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Definition
Fallopian tubes or oviducts
Ova is transported from ovaries to uterus. It is the site of fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
| finger like progections that surround part of ovary. They pick up released ovum |
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Term
What is the movement of ovum through uterine tube?
How long does it take? |
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Definition
Initially- peristaltic contractions of smooth muscle/
Mostly- beating of cilia on cells creates a current.
Duration is 4 days to uterus |
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Term
| Where is the site of ova maturation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do ovaries consist of? |
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Definition
| connective tissue with follicles? |
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Term
| Are ovaries seperate from reproductive tract? |
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Definition
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Term
| In fetal ovaries how many undifferentiated cells are they? What are they also known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to the oogonia? |
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Definition
some develop into pimordial follicles (oogonia+layer of supportive cells)
some primordial follicles continue to differentiate (becomes primary oocyte) |
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Term
| What is a primary follicle? |
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Definition
| an oocyte that becomes surrounded by several layers of granulosa cells. |
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Term
| How many primary follicles are there at birth? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many primary follicles will mature and be released as ova? When does this start/how often. What happens to all of the rest? |
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Definition
| about 400. Once per month starting at puberty til age 45. The rest degerate- atresia |
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Term
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Definition
| degeration of primary follicles |
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Term
| How long does the ovarian cycle last? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two phases of ovarian cycle? |
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Definition
| Follicular phase and Luteal Phase |
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Term
| What happens in the follicular phase? How long is it? |
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Definition
| Menstration- ovulation 14 days. |
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Term
| what happens in luteal phase? |
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Definition
| ovulation- before menstration 14 days |
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Term
| in the follicular phase which hormone stimulates what? |
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Definition
| follicle stimulate hormone (FSH) (from anterior pituitary) influence the development of a few primary follicles |
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Term
| In the follicular phase what happens to the oocyte? |
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Definition
| oocyte grows and granulosa cells proliferate to form layers around oocyte (primary and secondary follicles) |
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Term
| When do specialized connective tissue cells differentiate into a layer of cells that surround the devoloping follicles? What cell does this make? |
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Definition
During follicular phase.
Thecal Cells |
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Term
| What do granulosa cells + thecal cells secrete? What stimulates this? |
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Definition
Estrogen/
Stimulated by LH and FSH |
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Term
| Estrogen levels increase as? |
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Definition
| follicles continue to develop |
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Term
| Blood estrogen levels eventually ? What type of control is this? |
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Definition
| increase enough to inhibt FSH secretion from anterior pituitary. Negative feedback control |
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Term
| What other hormone do granulosa cells secrete? What does it do? |
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Definition
| inhibin, which also inhibts (declines) FSH |
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Term
| What occurs as LH levels increase? |
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Definition
| LH alone now stimulates estrogen secretion from follicles. |
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Term
| Throughout the follicular phase, what happens to estrogen levels? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do high levels of estrogen stimulate? |
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Definition
the endometrium of the uterus
-causes thickening of lining and increases blood vessels and glands |
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Term
| After about 14 days in the follicular phase what occurs? |
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Definition
| one developing follicle matures faster than the others, the decrease in FSH doesn't allow for the others to keep maturing. |
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Term
| What is the Mature follicle called? What happens to its size? What is the antrum? |
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Definition
Graafian follicle
Enlarges
Fluid filled chamber |
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Term
| what happens at ovulation? |
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Definition
| mature ovum is released from graafian follicle. |
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Term
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Definition
1. graafian follicle moves next to wall of ovary.
2. enzymes dissolve a small area on wall of ovary
3. wall of graffian follicle ruptures due to fluid pressure
4. ovum is released out of ovary
5. ovum enters fimbrae of uterine tubes |
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Term
| How are fraternal twins made? |
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Definition
| two or more follicles may become dominant and released at ovulation. If they are both fertilized= fraternal twins |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the LH surge caused by? |
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Definition
| high levels of blood estrogen from developing follicle/graafian |
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Term
| What oocurs in the anterior pituitary to estrogen? Which leads to? |
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Definition
| Switched from a negative feedback to positive. Extreme high levels of LH and a small increase in FSH |
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Term
| After ovulation (luteal phase) what happens to ruptured follicle? |
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Definition
| it becomes a gland = corpus letum |
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Term
| What does the corpus luteum secrete? What increases in corpus luteum? |
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Definition
| estrogen and progesterone. Blood vessels |
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Term
| What do the progesterone (and estrogen) from corpus leutum do? What does this prepare for? |
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Definition
maintain the thickened and highly vascularized endometrium of uterus.
Prepares endometrium for possible implantation of fertilized ovum. |
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Term
| If fertilization doesn't occur what happens to corpus luteum? |
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Definition
corpus luteum degererates after 14 days (ends luteal phase).
No progesterone/estrogen secretion from corpus luteum after this time= the thick endometrium is not maintained= detataches from lining and blood vessels rupture, passing out vagina= menstration. Follicular phase starts over |
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Term
| If fertilization does occur what happens? |
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Definition
| fertilized ovum attaches to endometrium= pregnancy |
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Term
| During puberty estrogen has? |
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Definition
| secondary sex characteristics |
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Term
| during reproductive years estrogen levels- |
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Definition
| are high to maintain secondary sex characteristics |
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Term
| during menopause estrogen- |
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Definition
| levels decrease, reversing some of the secondary sex characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| since estrogen has a role in maintaining blood flow to skin, the decreasing levels of estrogen during menopause causes transient increases in flow of warm blood to skin |
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Term
| In menopause there is an increased risk of-- because-- |
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Definition
| osteoporosis. lack of estrogen increases activity of osteoclasts |
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