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Female Reproduction System
Female Reproduction System
58
Physiology
Undergraduate 3
07/22/2012

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Term
What are the characteristics of the female reproductive system?
Definition
Cyclical changes in activity- menstrual cycle
Restricted periods of fertility-ovulation
Limited gamete (ova) productions- pool is established at birth
Term
Pattern of female reproductive activity in adolescence (up to 10-14 yrs old)
Definition
Inability to reproduce
Term
Pattern of female reproductive activity in puberty (10-14 yrs old)
Definition
sexual maturation
reproductive organs mature (can produce gametes)
Secondary sexual characteristics develop
Term
When do females lost the ability to reproduce?
Definition
45-50
Term
Gonads=
Definition
Ovaries
Term
Functions of ovaries
Definition
produce female gametes (ova)
Secrete sex hormones: estrogens and proesterone
Term
What is the reproductive tract?
Definition
uterus, uterine tubes, vagina
Term
What is the site of fetal development?
Definition
uterus
Term
What part of the uterus is the body?
Definition
upper portion
Term
What is the cervix?
Definition
canal leading to vagina
Term
What makes up the birth canal?
Definition
Cervix and vagina
Term
What is the outer layer wall of uterus?
Definition
perimetrium
Term
What is the middle layer wall of uterus? Characteristics?
Definition
Myometrium
smooth muscle
thickest layer
Term
What is the inner layer of wall of uterus? Characteristics?
Definition
Endometrium
Layer of epithelial cells, connective tissue with blood vessels and numerous glands
Term
What are the uterine tubes also known as? What do they do?
Definition
Fallopian tubes or oviducts
Ova is transported from ovaries to uterus. It is the site of fertilization
Term
What are fimbriae?
Definition
finger like progections that surround part of ovary. They pick up released ovum
Term
What is the movement of ovum through uterine tube?
How long does it take?
Definition
Initially- peristaltic contractions of smooth muscle/
Mostly- beating of cilia on cells creates a current.
Duration is 4 days to uterus
Term
Where is the site of ova maturation?
Definition
ovaries
Term
What do ovaries consist of?
Definition
connective tissue with follicles?
Term
Are ovaries seperate from reproductive tract?
Definition
Yes
Term
In fetal ovaries how many undifferentiated cells are they? What are they also known as?
Definition
6-7 million
oogonia
Term
What happens to the oogonia?
Definition
some develop into pimordial follicles (oogonia+layer of supportive cells)
some primordial follicles continue to differentiate (becomes primary oocyte)
Term
What is a primary follicle?
Definition
an oocyte that becomes surrounded by several layers of granulosa cells.
Term
How many primary follicles are there at birth?
Definition
2 million
Term
How many primary follicles will mature and be released as ova? When does this start/how often. What happens to all of the rest?
Definition
about 400. Once per month starting at puberty til age 45. The rest degerate- atresia
Term
What is atresia?
Definition
degeration of primary follicles
Term
How long does the ovarian cycle last?
Definition
approx 28 days
Term
What are the two phases of ovarian cycle?
Definition
Follicular phase and Luteal Phase
Term
What happens in the follicular phase? How long is it?
Definition
Menstration- ovulation 14 days.
Term
what happens in luteal phase?
Definition
ovulation- before menstration 14 days
Term
in the follicular phase which hormone stimulates what?
Definition
follicle stimulate hormone (FSH) (from anterior pituitary) influence the development of a few primary follicles
Term
In the follicular phase what happens to the oocyte?
Definition
oocyte grows and granulosa cells proliferate to form layers around oocyte (primary and secondary follicles)
Term
When do specialized connective tissue cells differentiate into a layer of cells that surround the devoloping follicles? What cell does this make?
Definition
During follicular phase.
Thecal Cells
Term
What do granulosa cells + thecal cells secrete? What stimulates this?
Definition
Estrogen/
Stimulated by LH and FSH
Term
Estrogen levels increase as?
Definition
follicles continue to develop
Term
Blood estrogen levels eventually ? What type of control is this?
Definition
increase enough to inhibt FSH secretion from anterior pituitary. Negative feedback control
Term
What other hormone do granulosa cells secrete? What does it do?
Definition
inhibin, which also inhibts (declines) FSH
Term
What occurs as LH levels increase?
Definition
LH alone now stimulates estrogen secretion from follicles.
Term
Throughout the follicular phase, what happens to estrogen levels?
Definition
they increase
Term
What do high levels of estrogen stimulate?
Definition
the endometrium of the uterus
-causes thickening of lining and increases blood vessels and glands
Term
After about 14 days in the follicular phase what occurs?
Definition
one developing follicle matures faster than the others, the decrease in FSH doesn't allow for the others to keep maturing.
Term
What is the Mature follicle called? What happens to its size? What is the antrum?
Definition
Graafian follicle
Enlarges
Fluid filled chamber
Term
what happens at ovulation?
Definition
mature ovum is released from graafian follicle.
Term
steps of ovulation:
Definition
1. graafian follicle moves next to wall of ovary.
2. enzymes dissolve a small area on wall of ovary
3. wall of graffian follicle ruptures due to fluid pressure
4. ovum is released out of ovary
5. ovum enters fimbrae of uterine tubes
Term
How are fraternal twins made?
Definition
two or more follicles may become dominant and released at ovulation. If they are both fertilized= fraternal twins
Term
What triggers ovulation?
Definition
LH surge
Term
What is the LH surge caused by?
Definition
high levels of blood estrogen from developing follicle/graafian
Term
What oocurs in the anterior pituitary to estrogen? Which leads to?
Definition
Switched from a negative feedback to positive. Extreme high levels of LH and a small increase in FSH
Term
After ovulation (luteal phase) what happens to ruptured follicle?
Definition
it becomes a gland = corpus letum
Term
What does the corpus luteum secrete? What increases in corpus luteum?
Definition
estrogen and progesterone. Blood vessels
Term
What do the progesterone (and estrogen) from corpus leutum do? What does this prepare for?
Definition
maintain the thickened and highly vascularized endometrium of uterus.
Prepares endometrium for possible implantation of fertilized ovum.
Term
If fertilization doesn't occur what happens to corpus luteum?
Definition
corpus luteum degererates after 14 days (ends luteal phase).
No progesterone/estrogen secretion from corpus luteum after this time= the thick endometrium is not maintained= detataches from lining and blood vessels rupture, passing out vagina= menstration. Follicular phase starts over
Term
If fertilization does occur what happens?
Definition
fertilized ovum attaches to endometrium= pregnancy
Term
During puberty estrogen has?
Definition
secondary sex characteristics
Term
during reproductive years estrogen levels-
Definition
are high to maintain secondary sex characteristics
Term
during menopause estrogen-
Definition
levels decrease, reversing some of the secondary sex characteristics
Term
What causes hot flases?
Definition
since estrogen has a role in maintaining blood flow to skin, the decreasing levels of estrogen during menopause causes transient increases in flow of warm blood to skin
Term
In menopause there is an increased risk of-- because--
Definition
osteoporosis. lack of estrogen increases activity of osteoclasts
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