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Definition
| promote growth/maturation of sex organs; act on mammary glands, breast development |
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Term
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Definition
| prepare internal sex organs (uterus) for pregnancy, promote secretory changes in endometrium; prepare breasts for lactation-lobular proliferation |
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Definition
| central portion of ovary, loose CT, mass of large contorted blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves |
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Definition
| peripheral ovary, contains OVARIAN FOLLICLES in CT, smooth muscle fibers in stroma around follicles |
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Term
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Definition
| single layer of cuboidal (some parts almost squamous) epithelium on surface of ovary, continuous with mesothelium covering mesovarium. |
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Definition
| dense CT layer between germinal epithelium and underlying cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| contain single oocyte; in cortex stroma; oocytes present at birth remain arrested at first meiotic division; 600,000-800,000 present at birth, only 400 mature ova in lifetime; atresia - death/resorption of immature oocytes, logarithmic |
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Term
| 3 types of ovarian follicles |
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Definition
primordial follicles
growing follicles (primary, secondary)
mature/Graafian follicles |
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Term
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Definition
| single layer of squamous follicle cells surrounds oocyte; outer surface bounded by basal lamina; oocyte "fried egg nucleus"; small, spherical mito. in oocyte; |
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Term
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Definition
| oocyte enlarges; cuboidal follicle cells; maturation of oocyte; oocyte secretes proteins, extracellular coat - ZONA PELLUCIDA; follicle cells proliferate/stratify into STRATUM GRANULOSUM |
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Term
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Definition
| ZP glycoproteins: ZP-1: unknown; ZP-2: secondary spermatozoa-binding protein; ZP-3: spermatoza-binding receptor, induces acrosome reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| rapid mitotic proliferation of follicle cells; stratified epithelium, surrounds oocyte; GRANULOSA CELLS; basal lamina remains; outer most layer of follicle cells - columnar; no tight junctions |
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Term
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Definition
| stromal cells surrounding follicle form CT sheath; 2 layers: THECA INTERNA: highly vascularized, cuboidal secretory cells, large # of luteinizing hormone receptors, secrete androgens (estrogen precursors); THECA EXTERNA: CT outer layer, smooth muscle, collagen bundles |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized secretory vesicles in oocytes just beneath oolemma; proteases released via exocytosis when ovum activated by sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| between oocyte and surrounding granulosa cells; irregular microvilli project from oocyte; zona pellucida deposited |
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Term
| required factors for oocyte/follicular growth |
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Definition
| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), growth gactors (EGF, IGF-1), calcium ions |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid-filled cavities form between granulosa cells - LIQUOR FOLLICULIi (hyaluronan-rich); accumulates, coalesces, forms single, crescent-shaped cavity called antrum; indicates SECONDARY/ANTRAL FOLLICLE |
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Term
| secondary/antral follicle |
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Definition
| antrum, several granulosum layers; cumulus oophorus present |
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Term
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Definition
| stratum granulosum relatively uniform thickness except for region associated with oocyte - granulosa cells form thickened mound projecting into antrum; cells immediately lining oocyte referred to as CORONA RADIATA |
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Term
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Definition
| cumulus oophorus cells immediately lining oocyte; send penetrating microvilli through zona pellucida to communicate via gap junctions with microvilli of oocyte; as oocyte matures, microvilli and LH receptors on antral surface increase; remain with oocyte after ovulation |
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Term
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Definition
| extracellular, densely staining, PAS-positive material between, and secreted by, granulosa cells; contain hyaluronan and proteoglycans |
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Term
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Definition
| large, extends full thickness of ovary cortex, bulges on ovary surface; stratum granulosum thins, antrum increases; thecal layers become prominent; lipid droplets in theca interna cells |
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Term
| production/secretion of estrogen |
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Definition
| LH stimulates cells of theca interna to secrete androgens - estrogen precursors, transported to sER in granulosa cells; in response to FSH, granulosa cells catalyze angroden to estrogen, causing granulosa cells to proliferate |
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Term
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Definition
| 24 hours before ovulation; LH receptors on granulosa cells downregulated, cells no longer produce estrogens; first meiotic division of oocyte resumes 12-24 hours after surge; SECONDARY OOCYTE forms with first polar body; granulosa, stroma cells luteinize and produce progesterone |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which secondary oocyte is released on 14th day of 28 day cycle from Graafian follicle; Influencing factors: inc. in volume/pressure of fluid, proteolysis of follicular wall by PLASMINOGEN, smooth muscle contraction in theca externa triggered by PROSTAGLANDINS; secondary oocyte remains viable for 24 hrs; if fert. doesn't occur, degenerates as passes through tube |
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Term
| macula pellucida/follicular stigma |
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Definition
| are of germinal epithelium overlying bulging follicle; blood flow to area stops; |
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Term
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Definition
| or luteal gland; at ovulation, follicular wall of granulosa and thecal cells thrown into deeps folds as follicle collapses, transforms into corpus luteum; bleeding from capillaries first forms CORPUS HEMORRHAGICUM, stromal CT invades cavity, followed by luteinization; highly vascularized structure grows, secreting progesterone and estrogen, preparing endometrium for implantation |
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Term
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Definition
| after ovulation, granulosa and theca interna cells differentiate into granulosa luteal and theca luteal cells, increasing size and filling with lipid droplets |
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Term
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Definition
GRANULOSA LUTEIN CELLS: large, centrally located, derived from granulosa
THECA LUTEIN CELLS: smaller, deeply staining, peripherally located, derived from theca interna |
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Term
| corpus luteum of menstruation |
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Definition
| formed in absence of fertilization; corpus luteum degererates 10-12 days after ovulation; rate of progesterone and estrogen secretion decines; CORPUS ALBICANS - white scar formed in place of corpus luteum |
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Term
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Definition
| structural and functional changes take place in spermatozoon that increases affinity to zona pellucida receptors and hyperactivation of spermatoza |
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Term
| 3 postfusion reactions that prevent other spermatozoa from entering oocyte |
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Definition
FAST BLOCK TO POLYSPERMY: large depolarization of oolemma creates transient electrical block
CORTICAL REACTION: oolemma polarity change triggers release of calcium , cortical granules released into perivitelline space
ZONA REACTION: cortical granule enzymes degrade glycoprotein receptors for sperm binding and form PERIVITELLINE BARRIER |
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Term
| corpus luteum of pregnancy |
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Definition
| fertilization/implantation occur, corpus luteum increases in size; existence and function dependent on LUTEOTROPINS; placenta produces sufficient estrogen and progestogen to take over corpus luteum after 6 weeks of pregnancy; |
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Term
| ovarian follicular atresia |
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Definition
| most follicles degenerate and disappear mediated by apoptosis of granulosa cells; few follicles stimulated to maintain development through programmed death of other follicles; undergo at any stage; |
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Term
| neural apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP) |
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Definition
| inhibits, delays apoptosis in granulosa cell; expression in all stages of follicle, but absent in atretic follicles; high level of gonadotropins maintains NAIP expression |
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Term
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Definition
| 4 segments: INFUNDIBULUM - funnel-shaped adjacent to ovary, opens to peritoneal cavity, fringed extensions FIMBRIAE extend toward ovary; AMPULLA - longest segment, site of fertilization; ISTHMUS - narrow, medial segment adjacent to uterus; UTERINE part, short lies within uterine walls opens to uterus |
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Term
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Definition
SEROSA - outermost layer, mesothelium and thin CT
MUSCULARIS - thick circular layer and outer thinner longitudinal layer
MUCOSA - inner lining, thin longitudinal folds projecting into lumen, folds most numerous and complex in ampulla |
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Term
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Definition
ENDOMETRIUM - uterus mucosa
MYOMETRIUM - thick muscular layer continuous with muscle layer of uterine tube and vagina
PERIMETRIUM - outer serous layer continuous with pelvic/abdominal peritoneum, mesothelium and thin CT |
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Term
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Definition
STRATUM FUNCTIONALE - thick, sloughed off at menstruation
STRATUM BASALE - retained during menstruation, serves as source for regeneration of stratum functionale |
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Term
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Definition
| repeats every 28 days; PROLIFERATIVE PHASE - concurrent with follicular maturation, influenced by ovarian estrogen secretion; SECRETORY PHASE - coincides with functional activity of corpus luteum, primarily influenced by progesterone secretion; MENSTRUAL PHASE - ovary hormone production declines with degeneration of corpus luteum |
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Term
| proliferative phase of menstrual cycle |
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Definition
| under influence of estrogens; stratum basale left after sloughing off of stratum functionale; basal epithelial cells of glands reconstitute glands; stromal cells proliferate, secrete collagen/ground substance; spiral arteries lengthen; continues until 1 day after ovulation (day 14) |
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Term
| secretory phase of menstrual cycle |
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Definition
| under influence of progesterone; changes in stratum functionale 1-2 days after ovulation; glands fill with secretory product, produce mucoid fluid; edema of endometrium; stromal cells transform into DECIDUAL CELLS |
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Term
| menstrual phase of menstrual cycle |
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Definition
| corpus luteum active for 10 days if fertilization doesn't occur; changes in blood supply to s. functionale occur when hormones decline; lasts about 5 days |
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Term
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Definition
| cell mass resulting from series of mitotic divisions, individual cells - BLASTOMERES. 12-16 cells, enters uterine cavity; gives rise to BLASTOCYST, free in uterus |
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Term
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Definition
| derived from morula; fluid enters through zona pellucida and fills blastocyst cavity; free in uterus 1-2 days, more mitosis, ZP disappears; outer cell mass - TROPHOBLAST, inner cell mass - EMBRYOBLAST |
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Term
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Definition
| period when uterus is receptive for implantation of blastocyst; attachment of blastocyst to endometrial epithelium occurs; series of programmed actions of progesterone and estrogens on endometrium; day 6 after LH surge, completed day 10. |
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Term
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Definition
| proliferates, invades endometrium; CYTOTROPHOBLAST - mitotic inner cell layer fuse with syncytiotrophoblast; SYNCYTIOTROPHOBLAST - no mitosis, multinucleate mass, actively invades endometrium |
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Term
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Definition
| portion of endometrium; shed with placenta; DECIDUA BASALIS - underlies implantation site; DECIDUA CAPSULARIS - thin portion between implantation site and uterine lumen; DECIDUA PARIETALIS - remaining endometrium |
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Term
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Definition
| large, branched glands; no spiral arteries; little thickness change in menstrual cycle, not sloughed off; cervical glands change mucus levels during MC - restricts or welcomes sperm entry |
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Term
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Definition
| abrupt change from mucus-secreting columnar epi endocervix (cervical canal) to strat. squamous epi ectocervix (vagina) |
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Term
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Definition
| fetal portion formed by chorion; maternal portion formed by decidua basalis; both involved in physiologic exchange of substances between maternal and fetal circulations |
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Term
| uteroplacental circulatory system |
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Definition
| develops day 9; concurrent with trophoblastic lacunae w/in syncytiotrophoblast |
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Term
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Definition
| formed by rapidly proliferating cytotrophoblast; send cords or cell masses into blood-filled trophoblastic lcunae in syncytiotrophoblast. |
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Term
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Definition
| cell layers the form outer boundary of chorionic cavity (syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast, extraembryonic somatic mesoderm) |
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Term
| secondary chorionic villi |
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Definition
| central core of mesenchyme, inner layer of cytotrophoblast, outer layer of syncytiotrophoblast; cover entire surface of chorionic sac |
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Term
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Definition
| formed at end of 3rd week as secondary villi become vascularized in their CT cores |
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Term
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Definition
| cytotrophoblastic cells grow through and laterally around syncytiotrophoblast, meet and form shell. |
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Term
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Definition
| separation of fetal and maternal blood; maintained by layers of fetal tissue |
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Term
| placenta endocrine functions |
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Definition
| steroid, peptide hormones, prostaglandins for labor; syncytiotrophoblast produces; |
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Term
| placental steroid hormones |
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Definition
| estrogen, progesterone; maintains pregnancy after corpus luteum; |
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Term
| placental peptide hormones |
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Definition
| human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) - required for implantation/maintenance of pregnancy, maintains corpus luteum during early pregnancy; human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS) - like human growth factor, promotes general growths; IGF-1, IGF-II - produced by and stim. proliferation of cytotrophoblast; ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR (EGF); relaxin; leptin |
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Term
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Definition
INNER MUCOSAL LAYER - numerous rugae, strat squam epi, CT papillae
intermediate MUSCULAR LAYER - two smooth muscle layers, striated present at vaginal opening
outer ADVENTITIAL LAYER - inner dense CT, outer loose CT |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs immediately after birth, induced by prolactin from anterior pituitary; ejection of milk stimulated by oxytocin from posterior pituitary |
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Term
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Definition
| each tubuloalveolar gland ends in duct that opens through constricted orifice into the nipple; dilated portion - LACTIFEROUS SINUS |
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Term
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Definition
| modified mammary glands producing small elevations on surface of areola; produce lubricating/protective secretion that changes skin's pH, discourages microbial growth |
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Term
| terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU) |
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Definition
| represents grapelike cluster of small alveoli that forms a lobule and consists of: TERMINAL DUCTULES - present in inactive gland, epi differentiates into functional secretory alveoli producing milk during pregnancy/birth; INTRALOBULAR COLLECTING DUCT - carries alveolar secretions into lactiferous duct; INTRALOBULAR STROMA - specialized loose CT surrounds terminal ductules and alveoli |
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