Term
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Definition
| program that provides social security recipients a broad range of medical benefits |
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Term
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Definition
| All government programs and regulations that directly affect those living within a country |
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Term
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Definition
| making an issue so visible that important political leaders take it seriously |
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Term
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Definition
| debate and discussion by interest groups and political leaders over issues placed on the policy agenda |
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Term
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Definition
| passage of a law by public officials |
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Term
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Definition
| translation of legislation into a set of government programs or regulations |
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Term
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Definition
| provision of services to citizens or regulation of their conduct |
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Term
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Definition
effect of policy outputs on individuals and businesses
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Term
| Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) |
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Definition
| welfare reform law passed by Congress in 1996 |
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Term
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Definition
| domestic policy programs designed to help those thought to be in need of government assistance |
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Term
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Definition
| program that provides benefits in return for contributions made by workers |
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Term
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Definition
| social insurance program for senior citizens |
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Term
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Definition
| programs that provide low-income households with a limited income and access to essential goods and services |
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Term
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Definition
| public assistance program that provides recipients with stamps that can be used to purchase food |
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Term
| Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) |
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Definition
| program that gives back tax payments to those who have little income |
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Term
| Supplemental Security Income (SSI) |
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Definition
| program that provides disabled people of low income with income assistance |
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Term
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Definition
| program that helps pay rent for low-income families, provided that they select designated housing |
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Term
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Definition
| program that provides medical services to the poor |
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Term
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Definition
| rules and standards that control economic, social and political activities |
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Term
| Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) |
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Definition
| agency responsible for issuing regulations designed to protect the environment from pollutants |
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Term
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Definition
| situations in which the free market does not lead to efficient outcomes, or to outcomes that are good for society |
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Term
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Definition
| a situation in which a public service is best provided by a single company |
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Term
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Definition
| any consequence of any activity that has an impact on those not responsible for the action |
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Term
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Definition
| set of political techniques employed by political leaders to disguise their actions and shift blame to others |
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Term
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Definition
| harsh penalty set by Congress to be imposed if a regulatory agency does not achieve a statutory objective |
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Term
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Definition
| range within which Congress allows agencies to interpret and apply statutes |
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Term
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Definition
removal of government rules that once controlled an industry
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Term
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Definition
| a slowdown in economic activity, officially defined as a decline that persists for two quarters |
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Term
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Definition
| a slowdown in economic activity, officially defined as a decline that persists for two quarters |
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Term
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Definition
| the alternation of periods of economic growth with periods of economic slowdown |
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Term
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Definition
| a sustained rise in price levels such that people need more money to purchase the same amount of goods and services |
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Term
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Definition
| the circumstance that exists when people who are willing to work at the prevailing wage cannot find jobs |
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Term
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Definition
| the sum total of government taxing and spending decisions, which determines the level of the deficit or surplus |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount by which annual spending exceeds revenue |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount by which annual revenue exceeds spending |
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Term
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Definition
| the government's annual plan for taxing and spending |
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Term
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Definition
| economic policy based on the belief that governments can control the economy by running deficits to expand it and surpluses to contract it, and by manipulating demand |
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Term
| Council of Economic Advisers (CEA) |
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Definition
| three economists who head up a professional staff that advises the president on economic policy |
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Term
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Definition
| an economic school of thought that rejects Keynesianism, arguing that the money supply is the most important influence on the economy |
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Term
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Definition
| the accumulation of annual deficits |
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Term
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Definition
| economic policy based on the belief that governments can keep the economy healthy by supplying the conditions that encourage private economic activity |
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Term
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Definition
| the actions taken by government to vary the supply of money in an effort to stabilize the business cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| the governing board of the country's central bank, which executes monetary policy by manipulating the supply of funds that member banks can lend |
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Term
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Definition
| the argument that Republican administrators set economic policy to benefit higher-income, business, and professional groups, and that Democratic administrations set economic policy to benefit lower-income, blue-collar, wage-earning groups |
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Term
| Election Cycle Interpretation |
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Definition
| the argument, that whatever their party, presidents attempt to slow the economy early in their terms and then to expand it as their opportunity for reelection approaches |
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Term
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Definition
| The total rate at which a population is taxed |
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Term
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Definition
| the income, property, wealth, or economic activity that is taxed |
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Term
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Definition
| exemptions from taxation for particular types of economic activity |
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Term
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Definition
| a tax intended to discourage unwanted behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| a tax structured so that higher-income people pay a larger proportion of their income in taxes than do lower-income people |
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Term
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Definition
| a tax structured so that higher-income people pay a smaller proportion of their income in taxes than do lower-income people |
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Term
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Definition
| a tax that is neither progressive nor regressive, everyone pays at the same rate |
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Term
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Definition
| elections held for the purpose of selecting or instructing national convention delegates |
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Term
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Definition
| meeting of candidate supporters who choose delegates to a state or national convention |
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Term
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Definition
| certain party leaders, members of the U.S. House and Senate, governors, members of the national committee, who became automatic or ex-officio delegates |
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Term
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Definition
| public moneys that the Federal Election Commission distributes to primary candidates according to a pre-specified formula |
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Term
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Definition
| people who regularly participate in politics, they are more interested in and committed to particular issues and candidates than are ordinary citizens |
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Term
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Definition
| money contributed by interest groups, labor unions, and individual donors that is not subject to federal regulation |
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Term
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Definition
| political organizations formed primarily to influence elections that therefore exempt from most federal taxes |
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Term
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Definition
| cast by electors, with each state receiving one vote for each of its members in the House of Representatives and one vote for each of its members in the Senate |
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Term
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Definition
| the total vote cast across the nation for a candidate |
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Term
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Definition
| any voting procedure in which the candidate with the most votes gets all of the seats or delegates at stake |
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Term
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Definition
| a person's subjective feeling of affiliation with a party |
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Term
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Definition
| the associations voters make between the parties and particular issues and values |
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Term
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Definition
| voting on the basis of the past performance of the incumbent administration |
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Term
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Definition
| voting on the basis of the candidates' policy promises |
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Term
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Definition
| legislature whose members serve full-time and for long periods |
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Term
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Definition
| the allocation of House seats to the states after each decennial census |
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Term
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Definition
| drawing new boundaries of congressional districts, usually after the decennial census |
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Term
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Definition
| drawing boundary lines of congressional districts in order to confer an advantage on some partisan or political interest |
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Term
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Definition
| the latest on which a candidate who wishes to be on a primary ballot may file official documents with and/or pay required fees to state election officials |
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Term
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Definition
| A House or Senate race with no incumbent (because of death or retirement) |
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Term
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Definition
| A congressional district certain to vote for the candidate of one party |
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Term
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Definition
| the electoral advantage of a candidate enjoys by virtue of being an incumbent, over and above his or her other personal and political characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| name given to representatives and senators free use of the U.S. mail for sending communications to constituents |
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Term
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Definition
| efforts by members of Congress to help individuals and groups when they have difficulties with federal agencies |
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Term
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Definition
| efforts by member of Congress to secure federal funding for their districts and to help constituents when they have difficulties with federal agencies |
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Term
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Definition
| positive electoral effect of a popular presidential candidate on congressional candidates of the president's party |
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Term
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Definition
| voting in which nearly all members of an ethnic or racial group vote for the same candidate or party |
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Term
| Majority-minority district |
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Definition
| district in which a minority group is the numerical majority of the population |
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Term
| Affirmative action redistricting |
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Definition
| the process of drawing district lines to maximize the number of majority-minority districts |
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Term
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Definition
| organization or association of people with common interests that engages in politics on behalf of its members |
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Term
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Definition
| an interest group narrowly focused to influence policy on a single issue |
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Term
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Definition
| problem that arises when people can enjoy the benefits of group activity without bearing any of the costs |
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Term
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Definition
| goods enjoyed simultaneously by a group, as opposed to a private good that must be divided up to be shared |
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Term
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Definition
| broad-based demand for government action on some problem or issue, such as civil rights for blacks, equal rights for women, or environmental protection |
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Term
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Definition
| specific private goods that an organization provides only to its contributing members |
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Term
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Definition
| people willing to assume the costs of forming and maintaing an organization even when others may free-ride on them |
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Term
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Definition
| interest-group activities intended to influence the decisions that public officials make |
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Term
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Definition
| one who engages in lobbying, especially as his or her primary job |
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Term
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Definition
| attempts by groups and associations to influence elected officials indirectly through their constituents |
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Term
| Political Action Committee (PAC) |
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Definition
| specialized organization for raising and spending campaign funds, often affiliated with an interest group or association |
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Term
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Definition
| advertising campaigns that attempt to influence public opinion in regard to a specific policy proposal |
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Term
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Definition
| computer-generated letters, faxes, and other communications by interest groups to people who might be sympathetic to an appeal for money or support |
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Term
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Definition
| everything from peaceful sit-ins and demonstrations to riots and even rebellion |
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Term
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Definition
| alliance of a congressional committee, an executive agency, and a small number of allied interest groups that combine to dominate policy making in some specified policy area |
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Term
|
Definition
| a loose collection of interest groups, politicians, bureaucrats, and policy experts who have a particular interest in or responsibility for a policy area |
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Term
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Definition
| a school of thought holding that politics is the clash of groups that represent all important interests in society and that check and balance each other |
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Term
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Definition
| groups of like-minded people who band together in an attempt to take control of government. Parties represent the primary connection between ordinary citizens and the public officials they elect |
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Term
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Definition
| when one party holds the presidency but does not control both houses of Congress |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when the pattern of group support for political parties shifts in a significant and lasting way |
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Term
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Definition
| election that marks the emergence of a new, lasting alignment of partisan support within the electorate |
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Term
| National nominating convention |
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Definition
| quadrennial gathering of party officials and delegates that selects presidential and vice presidential nominees and adopts party platforms. Extension of the direct primary to the presidential level after 1968 has greatly reduced the importance of the conventions. |
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Term
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Definition
| a highly organized party under the control of a boss, and based on patronage and control of government activities, common in many cities in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries |
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Term
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Definition
| loose-aggregation of politicians, political activists, and intellectuals of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries who promoted political reforms in an effort to clean up elections and governments |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of choosing party candidates that allows voters instead of party leaders to choose nominees for office, it weakened party control of nominations and the influence that parties could exercise over officeholders, this method of nominating candidates is virtually unknown outside the United States |
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Term
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Definition
| a statement of a party's positions on the major issues of the day |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when a voter selects candidates of different parties at the same election, for example, a Republican presidential candidate but a Democratic candidate for the House of Representatives |
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Term
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Definition
| system in which only two significant parties compete for office, such system are in the minority among world democracies |
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Term
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Definition
| the way in which a country's constitution or laws translate popular votes into control of public offices |
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Term
| Single-Member, simple plurality (SMSP) system |
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Definition
| electoral system in which the country is divided into geographic districts, and the candidates who win the most votes within their districts are elected |
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Term
| Proportional Representation (PR) |
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Definition
| electoral system in which parties receive a share of seats in parliament that is proportional to the popular vote they receive |
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Term
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Definition
| the control of the presidency by one party and the control of one or both houses of Congress by the other |
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Term
| State of the Union Address |
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Definition
| annual speech delivered by the president in late January or early February in fulfillment of the constitutional obligation of reporting to Congress the state of the union |
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Term
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Definition
| the nature of presidential status as an ideal vehicle for persuading the public to support the president's policies |
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Term
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Definition
| gives presidents the capacity to prevent bills passed by Congress from becoming law. may be overridden by a two-thirds vote in each chamber |
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Term
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Definition
| congressional passage of a bill by a two-thirds vote despite the president's veto |
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Term
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Definition
| presidential veto after congressional adjournment, executed merely by not signing a bill into a law |
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Term
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Definition
| presidential authority to negate particular provisions of a law while letting the remainder stand, granted by Congress in 1996 but struck down by the Supreme Court in 1998 |
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Term
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Definition
| the president and his political appointees who are responsible for directing the executive branch of government |
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Term
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Definition
| top administration officials, most of whom are heads of departments in the executive branch |
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Term
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Definition
| the title of the head of a department within the executive branch |
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Term
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Definition
| political appointees who work directly for the president, many of whom occupy offices in the White House |
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Term
| Executive Office of the President (EOP) |
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Definition
| agency that houses both top coordinating offices and other operating agencies |
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Term
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Definition
| head of the White House staff, who has continuous, direct contact with the president |
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Term
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Definition
| the period after a presidential candidate has won the November election, but before the candidate assumes office as president on January 20th |
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Term
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Definition
| the first several months of a presidency, when reporters are more forgiving than usual, Congress is more inclined to be cooperative, and the public is more receptive to new approaches |
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Term
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Definition
| the president in his constitutional role as head of the U.S. armed forces |
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Term
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Definition
| according to Walter Bagehot, the aspect of government that involves making policy, administering the laws, and setting disputes |
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Term
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Definition
| according to Walter Bagehot, the aspect of government including royalty and ceremony that generates citizen respect and loyalty |
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Term
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Definition
| traditional title of the president's wife |
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Term
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Definition
| presidential authority inherent in the executive branch of government, though not specifically mentioned in the Constitution |
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Term
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Definition
| a presidential directive that has the force of law, though it is not enacted by Congress |
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Term
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Definition
| the right of the president to deny Congress information it requests on the grounds that the activities of the executive branch must be kept confidential |
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Term
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Definition
| recommendation by a majority of the House of Representatives that a president, another official in the executive branch, or a judge of the federal courts be removed from office, removal depends on two-thirds vote in the Senate |
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Term
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Definition
| legal officer appointed by a court to investigate allegations of criminal activity on the part of high-ranking members of the executive branch |
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Term
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Definition
| the politically influential people who work inside the highway that surrounds Washington D.C. |
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Term
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Definition
| evaluation of a president by voters, usually as measured by a survey question asking the adult population how well they think the president is doing the job |
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Term
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Definition
| hierarchical organization of officials with responsibility for specific tasks |
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Term
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Definition
| the basic organizational unit of federal government, also know as office or bureu |
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Term
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Definition
| a collection of federal agencies that reports to a secretary who serves in the president's cabinet |
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Term
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Definition
| independent organization created by Congress to fulfill functions related to business |
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Term
| Administrative Discretion |
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Definition
| the power of a bureaucracy to interpret a legislative mandate |
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Term
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Definition
| jobs, contracts, or favors given by politicians to their friends and allies |
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Term
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Definition
| a system of government employment in which workers are hired on the basis on party loyalty |
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Term
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Definition
| a system in which government employees are chosen according to their educational qualifications, performance on examinations, and work experience |
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Term
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Definition
| organized in the 1880s, a group of civil-service reformers, including professors, journalists, clerics, and business leaders, who maintained that government officials should be chosen on a merit basis, not for their political connections |
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Term
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Definition
| legislation passed in 1883 creating the civil service commission |
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Term
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Definition
| a 1939 law prohibiting federal employees from engaging in political campaigning and solicitation |
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Term
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Definition
| political appointees who come in, go out and come back in agains with each change in administration |
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Term
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Definition
| the four original departments (state, defense, treasury, and justice) whose secretaries have the closest ties to the president |
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Term
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Definition
| newer departments that have less access to the president but have evolved in such a way as to provide interest-group access to the executive branch of government |
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Term
| Independent Regulatory Agencies |
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Definition
| agencies with quasi-judicial responsibilities that are meant to be carried out in a manner free of presidential interference |
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Term
| Office of Management and Budget (OMB) |
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Definition
| agency responsible for developing the president's budget, setting personnel policy in the executive branch, and reviewing all proposed legislation sent by the executive branch to Congress to ensure it is consistent with the president's agenda |
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Term
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Definition
| an agency's effort to avoid OMB controls by appealing to its allies in Congress |
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Term
| Congressional Budget Office (CBO) |
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Definition
| congressional agency that evaluates the president's budget as well as the budgetary implications of all other legislation |
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Term
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Definition
| an informal rule that the Senate will not confirm nominees for positions within a state unless they have the approval of the state's senior senator from the president's party |
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Term
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Definition
| a presidential appointment made without Senate confirmation while the Senate is in Recess |
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Term
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Definition
| in an agency's budget, a specific congressional designation of the way money is to be spent |
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Term
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Definition
| close, stable connection among agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees |
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Term
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Definition
| a 1976 law requiring that federal government meetings be held in public |
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Term
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Definition
| in legal parlance, a court's written explanation of its decision |
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Term
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Definition
| one who brings a complaint or suit against another |
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Term
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Definition
| one accused of violating the civil or criminal code |
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Term
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Definition
| laws that regulate the legal rights and obligations of citizens with regard to one another, alleged violators are sued by presumed victims, who ask courts to award damages and otherwise offer relief for injuries they claim to have suffered |
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Term
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Definition
| laws regulating relations between individuals and society, alleged violators are prosecuted by the government |
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Term
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Definition
| person responsible for prosecuting criminal cases |
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Term
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Definition
| power of the courts to declare null and void laws of Congress and of state legislatures that they find unconstitutional |
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Term
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Definition
| supreme court decision in which the court first exercised the power of judicial review |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory of constitutional interpretation that determines the constitutionality of a law by ascertaining the intentions of those who wrote and ratified the Constitution |
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Term
| Plain-meaning-of-the-text theory |
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Definition
| a theory of constitutional interpretation that determines the constitutionality of a law in light of what the words of the Constitution obviously seem to say |
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Term
| Living-constitution theory |
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Definition
| a theory of constitutional interpretation that places the meaning of the constitution in the context of the total history of the United States |
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Term
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Definition
| the judicial act of interpreting and applying the laws of Congress and the states, rather than the Constitution to particular cases |
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Term
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Definition
| the lowest tier of the federal court system and similar to the trial courts that exist in each state |
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Term
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Definition
| court to which decisions by federal district courts are appealed |
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Term
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Definition
| person responsible for prosecuting violations of the federal criminal code |
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Term
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Definition
| decision in which the Supreme Court first used Judicial Review to declare a state law unconstitutional |
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Term
|
Definition
| placing someone on trial for the same crime twice |
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Term
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Definition
| politicizing the nomination process through an organized public campaign that portrays the nominee as a dangerous extremist |
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Term
|
Definition
| in court rulings, it refers to reliance on consistency with precedents |
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Term
|
Definition
| previous court decision or ruling applicable to a particular case |
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Term
|
Definition
| the legal difference between a case at hand and previous court decision |
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Term
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Definition
| the procedure whereby the losing side asks a higher court to overturn a lower-court decision |
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Term
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Definition
| the overturning of a lower-court decision by an appeals court or the Supreme Court |
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Term
|
Definition
| a document issued by the Supreme Court indicating that the court will review a decision made by a lower court |
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Term
|
Definition
| one of the eight justices of the Supreme Court who are not the Chief Justice |
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Term
|
Definition
| head of the Supreme Court |
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Term
|
Definition
| government official responsible for presenting before the courts the position of the presidential administration |
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Term
|
Definition
| young, influential aide to a Supreme Court justice |
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Term
|
Definition
| written legal arguments presented to a court by lawyers on behalf of clients |
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Term
|
Definition
| activities of a court in which all judges participate, in the case of the supreme court the chief justice presides |
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Term
|
Definition
| written opinion presenting the reasoning of judges who vote against the majority |
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Term
|
Definition
| a written opinion prepared by judges who vote with the majority but who wish either to disagree with some aspect of the majority opinion or to elaborate on the decision |
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Term
|
Definition
| to send a case to a lower court to determine the best way of implementing the higher court's decision |
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Term
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Definition
| doctrine that says the principle of stare decisis should sometimes be sacrificed in order to adapt the Constitution to changing conditions |
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Term
|
Definition
| doctrine that says courts should, if at all possible, rule narrowly and avoid overturning a prior court decision |
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Term
|
Definition
| court official who has the authority to see that judicial orders are carried out |
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Term
|
Definition
| the presiding officer of the House of Representatives, normally the Speaker is the leader of the majority party |
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Term
|
Definition
| title used for the Speaker's chief lieutenant in the House and for the most important officer in the Senate, chosen by the majority party membership, majority leaders are responsible for the day-to-day work necessary to build political coalitions and enact laws |
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Term
|
Definition
| leader of the minority party who coordinates the minority's attempts to improve or defeat majority legislation |
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Term
|
Definition
| members of Congress who serve as informational channels linking the leadership and the rank-and-file, communicating the leadership's views and intentions to the members and vice versa |
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Term
|
Definition
| all Democratic members of the House of Senate, elect the party leaders, ratify choice of committee leaders, and debate party positions on issues |
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Term
|
Definition
| what Republicans call their party caucus |
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Term
|
Definition
| the president of the Senate, who presides in the absence of the vice president |
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Term
| Unanimous-consent agreement |
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Definition
| an agreement that sets forth the terms and conditions according to which the Senate will consider a bill, these agreements are individually negotiated by the leadership for each bill |
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Term
|
Definition
| delaying tactic by which one or more senators refuse to allow a bill or resolution to be considered, either by speaking indefinitely or by offering dilatory motions and amendments |
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Term
|
Definition
| motion to end debate in the senate, requires 60 votes to pass |
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Term
|
Definition
| committee with fixed membership and jurisdiction, continuing from Congress to Congress |
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Term
|
Definition
| temporary committee created to deal with a specific issue or problem |
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Term
|
Definition
| practice by which the majority-party member with the longest continuous service on a committee becomes the chair, congressional leadership |
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Term
|
Definition
| a voluntary group within congress, formed by members to pursue shared interests, can cross party committee, and even chamber lines |
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Term
|
Definition
| representative or senator who introduces a bill or resolution |
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Term
|
Definition
| occur when party leaders give more than one committee responsibility for considering a bill |
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| process in which a committee or subcommittee considers and revises a bill that has been introduced |
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| fast-track procedure for considering bills and resolutions in the House, debate is limited to 40 minutes, no amendments are in order, and a two-thirds majority is required for passage |
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| specifies the terms and conditions under which a bill or resolution will be considered on the floor of the House, in particular, how long debate will last, how long time will be allocated, and the number and type of amendments that will be in order |
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| a group of representatives from both the House and the Senate who iron out the differences between the two chambers' versions of a bill or resolution |
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| term applied to the entire process of providing statutory authority for a government program or activity |
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| process of providing funding for governmental activities and programs that have been authorized |
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| role a representative plays when acting in accordance with his or her own best judgement to decide what is best for the country |
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| role a representative plays when following the wishes of those who have elected him or her regardless of what he or she believes good public policy ought to be |
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| in a budget, to designate funds for specific use |
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