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Feeds and Feeding
Feeds and feeding for livestock
180
Agriculture
Undergraduate 4
12/10/2013

Additional Agriculture Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
3 Common Monosaccharides
Definition

Fructos

 

Galactose

 

Glucose

Term
3 Common Disaccharides
Definition

Sucrose

 

Maltose

 

Lactose

Term
3 common polysaccharides
Definition

Plant Starch

 

Glycogen

 

Cellulose

Term

F

function

Definition
Structural component of bone
Term

F

Deficiencies

Definition
Brittleness in bones
Term

Vitamin

A

Funcitons

x2

Definition

Synthesis of rhodopsin

 

Development and maintenance of epethelial tissue

Term

Vitamin

A

Deficiencies

x3

 

Definition

Night blindess

 

Slow wound healing

 

Spontaneous abortions

Term

K

Functions

Definition

Intracellular

 

Intracellular enzymes

Term

Vitamin

C

Functions

x3

Definition

Electron transport system

 

Synthesis of collagen

 

Synthesis of mor-epinephrine

Term

Co

Function

Definition
Central component of Vitamin B12
Term

Thiamin

Deficiencies

x2

Definition

Beri Beri

 

Polyneuritis

Term

Riboflavin

Functions

x1

Definition

Synthesis of metabolic compound of FAD

 

 

Term

Riboflavin

Deficiency

Definition
Curled toe paralysis
Term
Night blindness
Definition
Vitamin A
Term
Component of B12 (cyanocobalimine)
Definition
Co
Term

Zu

Deficiencies

x2

Definition

Parakeratosis

 

Skin and hair problem

Term

Zu

Function

Definition
CHO metabolism
Term

Niacin

Function

Definition
Synthesis of NAD & NADP
Term

Niacin

Deficiencies

x3

Definition

Pallegra

 

Black tongue

 

Speckled eye

Term
Oxalic Acid
Definition
Ties up Ca
Term

I

Function

Definition

Synthesis of thyroid hormones

 

 

Term

Vitamin D2

 

Definition
Plants; irridation of ergesterol
Term
Vitamin D3
Definition
Animals; irriadiation of seven dehydrocholesterol
Term

Vitamin D

Defency

Definition
Ca deficiency
Term
Curled toe paralysis
Definition
Riboflavin
Term

NaCl

Toxicity

Definition
edima
Term

NaCl

Defency

Definition

Performance is supressed

 

Term

Vitamin K

functions

Definition
Blood clot ability
Term

Vitamin K

Deficiencies

x3

Definition

Deficiency in prothrombin

 

Prolonged blood clotting time

 

Causes dicumeral

Term

Fe

Functions

x3

Definition

Needed for hemoglobin

 

Carries O2 from tissues

 

Needed for electron transport system for ATP

 

Term

Fe

Defency

Definition
Anemia
Term
C, H, O, and Nitrogen made of amino acids hooked together via peptide linkage is a _____?
Definition
Protein
Term
The amount of heat energy by burning a sample completely is called ________?
Definition
Gross Energy
Term
The amount of energy absorbed after consuming a chet. Determined by subtracting energy in the fecal material from gross energy is called _____?
Definition
Digestible Energy
Term
Determined by subtracting energy in urine and combustable gases from digestible energy is called _____?
Definition
Metabolizable energy
Term
Measured by subtracting heat incriment from metabolizable energy
Definition
Net Energy
Term

3 General functions of nutrients

 

Definition

Provide structural materials

 

Serve as an energy source

 

Regulation of body processes

Term
The preparation of food for absorption is called _____?
Definition
Digestion
Term
5 types of digestion
Definition

Physical

Mechanical

Chemical

Enzymatic

Microbial

Term
2 Types of saliva
Definition

Serous

 

Mucus

Term
2 types of fats
Definition

Saturated

 

Unsaturated

Term
2 types of Vitamins
Definition

Fat soluble

 

Water soluble

Term

Describe the Monogastric Stomach

x2

Definition

Elongated and pouch-like

 

Has structures called Rugae

Term

Functions of the monogastric stomach

x4

Definition

Mix injested material

Store injested material

Limited absorption

Partial digestion

Term

Parts of the monogastric stomach

x6

Definition

Cardiac sphincter

Esophogeal region

Cardiac gland region

Fundic gland region

Pyloric gland region

Pyloric sphincter

Term
What does the cardiac gland do?
Definition
Produce mucus
Term
What lines the esophogeal region?
Definition
Stratified squeamous
Term

What cells does the fundic gland region contain

x3

Definition

Mucus nech cells

 

Parietal cells

 

Chief cells

Term
What do chief cells produce?
Definition
secrete pepsin and rennin
Term
What to parietal cells secrete?
Definition
HCl
Term

What are the functions of the small intestine?

x3

Definition

Complete digestion

 

Nutrient absorption

 

Secretion of some digestive enzymes and hormones

Term
What are the 3 segments of the small intestine?
Definition

Duodeunom

 

Jejunum

 

Ileum

Term

What are the functions of the large intestine?

x2

 

Definition

Elimination of digestive wastes

 

Absorption of water

Term

What cells are within the duodeunom?

x3

Definition

Goblet cells

Brunner's Glands

Crypts of Leiberkuhn

Term
What do Goblet cells do?
Definition
Produce mucus
Term
What do Crypts of leiberkuhn do?
Definition

Produce digestive enzymes

 

Term
What do brunners glands produce?
Definition
mucus
Term
What are peyer's patches?
Definition
lymph nodes
Term
Another name for lymph nodes
Definition
peyer's patches
Term
What are the parts of the ruminant stomach?
Definition

Reticulum

Rumin

Omasum

Abomasum

Term
What part of the ruminant stomach is the site of Na absorption?
Definition
Omasum
Term
What part of the ruminant stomach is most comparable to the monogastric stomach?
Definition
Abomasum
Term
What part of the ruminant stomach is the true stomach?
Definition
Abomasum
Term
What part of the ruminant stomach is the honeycomb?
Definition
Reticulum
Term
What part of the ruminant stomach is in charge of sorting/sifting and regulating flow?
Definition
Reticulum
Term
What part of the ruminant stomach is called the paunch?
Definition
Rumin
Term
What part of the ruminant stomach is bigger than all other components?
Definition
Rumen
Term
What part of the ruminant stomach is the major site of microbial digestion?
Definition
Rumin
Term
What part of the ruminant stomach is called polypleis?
Definition
Omasum
Term
What part of the ruminant stomach contracts and relaxes to grind things?
Definition
Omasum
Term
What part of the ruminant stomach is lined with columnar?
Definition
Abomasum
Term
The process of controlled vomiting
Definition
Rumination
Term

What do microbials do?

x3

Definition

Digest things the host cannot

 

Synthesize B complex vitamins

 

Produce volatile fatty acids

Term

Vitamin E
functions

x3

Definition

antioxidant


  glutathion peroxidase rxns


  integrity of cell membranes

Term

Vitamin E

Deficiency

Definition
White Muscle Disease
Term

Vitamin D

Toxicities

x3

Definition

Calcification of soft tissues

 

Tetany

 

Death

Term

Thiamin

Function

Definition
needed for reaction of pyruvate -> acetyl co. A
Term

Nicain

Toxicities

x3

Definition

Vasodialation

 

Itching burning sensation

 

Fatty liver syndrome

Term

Panothetic Acid

Function

Definition
synthesis of a compound of a compound of co-enzyme A
Term

Panothetic Acid

Deficiencies

x3

Definition

Goose stepping

 

Dermatitis

 

Fatty livers

Term

Pyroxidine

Functions

x4

Definition

Transimerase rxn

Deaminase rxn

Decarboxylation rxn

Tryptophan metabolism

Term

Pyroxidine

Defiency

Definition

Decrease in effectiveness of many diff hormones

 

Term

Pyroxidine

toxicities

x2

Definition

Convulsions

 

Death

Term

Refers to a chemical procedure used to separate the sample into parts or fractions

 

Definition
Proximate Analysis
Term

Cyanocobalamine (B12)

Functions

Definition

Isomerase rxn

 

Dehydrase rxn

 

Methianine rxn

Term

Cyanocobalamine (B12)

Deficencies

x2

Definition

Pernecious anemia

fatal progressive decrease in RBC

hogs: Ataxia of hind legs

chicks: Problems hatching

Term

Folacin

Function

Definition
Synthesis of purine and pyrinidines
Term

Folacin

Deficiencies

x3

Definition

Nervous system problems

 

Anemia

 

Causes production of fetal monstrosity

Term

Biotin

Functions

x3

Definition

Synthesis of aspartic acid

 

Fat synthesis

 

Catabolism

Term

Biotin

Deficiency

Definition
Perosis
Term

Choline

Functions

x2

Definition

Donor of methyl groups

 

Synthesis of methyl groups

 

(vitamin)

Term

Choline

Deficiencies

x2

Definition

Nervous system problems

 

Perosis

Term

Choline

Toxicity

Definition
Persistant diarrhea
Term

Development and maintenance of epithelial tissue

 

Definition
Vitamin A
Term

Calcification of soft tissues

 

(This one is asking for the vitamin)

Definition
Vitamin D
Term

Vitamin D

Toxicity

x3

Definition

calcification of soft tissues

 

tetany

 

death

Term

Synthesis of metabolic compound of FAD

 

Definition
Riboflavin
Term
Itching burning sensation
Definition
Niacin
Term

A sample is weighed and then heated at 105C for 24 hours and then re-weighed

 

Definition
Oven Dry
Term

A sample is weighed and then burned completely and then re-weighed

 

Definition
Ash
Term
What two things does Ash calculate?
Definition

Mineral material

 

Organic matter

Term
What measures Nitrogen?
Definition
Crude Protein
Term
A sample is treated with a chemical solution and then nitrogen is titrated
Definition
Crude protein
Term
Measures Fatty acids, triglicerides, fat soluble vitamins, anything of a "fat" nature
Definition
Ether extract
Term
A sample is treated with an alkaline and acidic solutions which digest fiber
Definition
Crude fiber
Term
Measures sugars, water soluble vitamins, and mistakes
Definition
Nitrogen free extract
Term
What Van Soest forage evaluation accounts for protein, sugar, starch, and lipids?
Definition
Neutral detergent soluble
Term
What Van Soest forage evaluation accounts for Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and silica?
Definition
Neutral detergent fiber
Term
What Van Soest forage evaluation technique accounts for cellulose, lignin and silica?
Definition
Acid detergent fiber
Term
What Van Soest forage evaluation technique accounts for lignin and silica?
Definition
Acid detergent lignin
Term
If the animal is neither gaining nor losing weight this is called _______?
Definition
Maintenance
Term
What are 3 factors that affect the value of feed?
Definition

Species

 

Level of feeding

 

Feed processing

Term

What are the 10 essential amino acids?

 

PHILL V MATT

Definition

Phenylalanine

Histidine

Isoleucine

Leucine

Lysine

Valine

Methionine

Argenine

Tryptophan

Threonine

Term
What 4 methods do we use to prevent downgrading of protein?
Definition

Heat treatment

Formaline treatment

Tannis treatment

Ruminal bypass

Term
What are the 2 categories of minerals?
Definition

micro

 

Macro

Term

What is the function of macrominerals?

x3

Definition

Structural component

 

Biochemical rxns

 

Acid/base balance

Term

Ca

Functions

x4

Definition

Structural component of bone

Muscle contraction

Nerve impulse transmission

Blood clotting

Term

P

Functions

x3

Definition

Structural component of bone

 

ATP

 

NADP

Term

P

Deficiencies

x2

Definition

Decreased growth and decreased reproduction

 

Pica

Term

Mg

Function

Definition
ATP --(+Mg)--> ADP
Term

Mg

Deficiencies

x4

Definition

Vasodialation

Tetany

convusions

death

Term
What would you suppliment to maximize wool growth?
Definition

Sulfur

(S)

Term

K

Deficiencies

x4

Definition

Degeneration of kidney tubules

Heart lesion

Heart problems

Heart attack

Term

Cl

Functions

x2

Definition

Absorption of Fe from the digestive system

 

Maintenace of the myelin sheath

Term

Mn

Deficiencies

x3

Definition

chicks: perosis

Mammals: Decreased reproduction

Term

Se

Functions

x3

Definition

Integrety of cell membranes

 

Pancreatic lipase system

 

Cofactor in the glutathion peroxidase rxns

Term

Se

Deficiencies

x2

Definition

White muscle disease

 

Chicks: exudative diathesis

Term

Se

Toxicity

Definition
Blind staggers
Term

Cr

Function

Definition
Insulin synthesis
Term

T/F

 

Older animals are less resistant to harm from saline water as young animals

Definition
False
Term

What are the ramifications of alkaline water?

x4

Definition

Animal won't drink alkaline water

Internal pH of digestive system is affected

Illness

Death

Term

Ramifications with acidic water

x2

Definition

Gut dysfunction

 

Illness

Term
Passing grain through a grinder is called _____?
Definition
Grinding
Term
Grain is passed through a roller mill, this is called _____?
Definition
Dry rolling
Term
Grain is exposed to steam for a short time (1-8 min) and then rolled, this is called _______?
Definition
Steam rolling
Term

Factors that affect profit

x4

Definition

Death loss

Feed conversion

Average daily gain

Cost of grain

Term

Factors that influence feed lot performance

x5

Definition

Genetic potential

Breed

Gender

Quality of ration ingredients

Health

Term
4 key items to Range animal nutrition
Definition

Energy

Phosphorus

Protein

Vitamin A

Term

Perosis

(Vitamin)

Definition
Biotin
Term
Fatty livers
Definition
Panothetic Acids
Term
Decrease in affectiveness of many different hormones
Definition
Pyroxidine
Term
What's teachers favorite animal?
Definition
dog
Term
What are carbonaceous concentrates low in? High in?
Definition

Low in Fiber

 

High in Carbon content/Energy

Term
Grains percent of crude fiber? Crude protein?
Definition

Crude fiber - 18%

 

Crude Protein - 20%

Term
What vitamin is unavailable in grains?
Definition
Niacin
Term
What has the highest crude protein of grains?
Definition
Barley
Term
What has the highest crude protein of proteinaceous concentrats in meat?
Definition
blood meal
Term
What has the highest crude protein proteinaceous concentrate of plant origin?
Definition

soy bean meal

Term
What are the 2 processing methods? How much fat % is left in each?
Definition

Mechanical extraction - 5% fat left

 

Solvent extraction - 2% fat left

Term
What are the 2 types of roughages?
Definition

Legumes

 

Non-legumes

Term
What are 3 legumes?
Definition

Alfalfa

 

Dehydrated alfalfa meal

 

Clover

Term
What are 3 non-legumes?
Definition

Timothy hay

Bermuda grass

Fescue

Term
What is the process by which an organism injests and utilizes food material; a science of nourishment?
Definition
Nutrition
Term
Who is the father of feeds and feeding?
Definition

Atwater

(1898)

Term
What is something that contains or conveys sustenance?
Definition
Nutrient
Term
To sustain with food is called what?
Definition
Nourishment
Term
Proper amount of food within a 24 hour peroid is _________
Definition
Ration
Term

T/F

 

Digestion and balance trials measure how well an animal utilizes the diet

Definition
True
Term

T/F

 

Feeding trails are used to evaluate food levels, additives, feed processing methods, etc

Definition

False

 

Feeding trails are used to evaluate nutrient levels, additives, feed processing methods, etc

Term

What are the functions of water in the body?

x6

Definition

Biochemical rxns

Nutrient transport

Waste transport

Body form

Body temperature regulation

Hearing

Term

T/F

 

Vitamins are inorganic substances that are required in very large amounts for regulation of varius body processes

Definition

False

 

Vitamins are organic substances that are required in very small amounts for regulation of various body processes

Term
What is the tongue the main prehensile structure for?
Definition
Bovine
Term
What is the lip the main prehesile structure for?
Definition
sheep/goats
Term
What are the 3 salivary glands?
Definition

Parotid

 

Sub lingual

 

Sub mandibular

Term

What are the functions of saliva?

x3

Definition

Clense food

Taste

Buffer

Term
What does the esophogus connect?
Definition
The mouth to the interior portion of the stomach; muscular tube
Term
What can stratify a ration in a self feeder?
Definition
Wind and time
Term
What is the term for eating fecal material?
Definition
Copraphagy
Term
What is the main type of liquid feed?
Definition
molasses
Term
What are 3 high moisture feeds?
Definition

Silages

Haylage

Fresh Forage

Term
How much percent dry matter is in Haylage?
Definition
45-50%
Term
How much percent dry matter is in silages?
Definition
25-35%
Term
What are the percent moisture levels in fresh forage?
Definition
80-85%
Term
What are three substitutions you can use for P?
Definition

Sodium phosphate

Ammonium phosphate

Phosphoric acid

Term
What is the ratio you should put C to Urea in a food ration?
Definition
1kg C/100g Urea
Term
What are 3 of the main substitutions of minerals? What is the least usable by the animal? Most?
Definition

Oxide -> least usable

Carbonate

Sulfate -> most usable

Term
A feed is exposed to steam for 15-30 min then rolled
Definition
Steam flaking
Term
A feed is exposed to steam with ~50psi fro 1-2 min then rolled
Definition
Pressure flaking
Term
Grain with 10-14% water is heated to ~700-800F for 15-30 seconds
Definition
Popping
Term
Passes over tapered screw as heat and pressure is applied
Definition
Extruding
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