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- a way of organizing a nation so that two or more levels of government have foraml authority over the same land and people
- system of shared power between units of government
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- a way of organizing a nation so that all power resides in the central government
- most common form of national government today
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| intergovernmental relation |
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- the workings of the federal system
- the entire set of interactions among national, state, and local governments
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- Article VI of the Constitution
- makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits
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| the constitutional amendment stating, "the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people" |
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- an 1819 Supreme Court decision that established the supremacy of the national government over state governments
- Congress had certain implied powers in addition to the enumerated powers found in the Constitution
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| powers of the federal government that are specifically addresssed in the Constitution |
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| powers of the federal government that go beyond those enumerated in the Constitution |
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| the final paragraph of Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution which authorizes Congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out the enumerated powers |
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| a landmark case decided in 1824 in which the Supreme Court interpreted very broadly the clause in Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution giving Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce, encompassing virtually every form of commercial activity |
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| a clause in Article IV, Section 1, of the Constitution requiring each state to recognize the official documents and civil judgements rendered by the courts of other states |
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| a legal process whereby an alleged criminal offender is surrendered by the officials of one state to officials of the state in which the crime is alleged to have been committed |
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| privileges and immunities |
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| a clause in Article IV, Section 2, of the Constitution according citizens of each state most of the privileges of citizens of other states |
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| a system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies |
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- a system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government
- shared costs, administration, and even blame for programs that work poorly
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| transferring responsibility for policies from the federal government to state and local governments |
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- the pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system
- cornerstone of the national government's relations with the state and local governments
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- federal grants that can be used only for specific purposes, or "categories," of state and local spending
- come with strings attached
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| federal categorical grants given for specific purposes and awarded on the basis of the merits of applications |
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| federal categorical grants distributed according to a formula specified in legislaton or in adminstrative regulations |
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| federal grants given more or less automatically to states or communities to support braod programs in areas such as community development and social services |
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