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Fed Cts.
Louisiana Bar Prep
55
Law
Graduate
05/02/2013

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Cards

Term
Can a state be sued?
Definition
States, arms of state or official can be sued to have a statute declared unconst.
Term
Are counties and their official arms of the states?
Definition
No unless enforcing law or regulation
Term
How can sovereign immunity be waived?
Definition
1. Express statue creating a state subjection it to a federal forum
2. accepting federal money
3. conduct
Term
What does Ex Parte Young have to do with sovereign immunity?
Definition
A plaintiff can se for an injuction or a declaratory judgment against state officials if both:
1. No ongoing state proceedings
2. State Official violating federal law.
Illegal under fed law or const vioaltion
Term
What does Pennhurst means Ex Part Young
Definition
Bars a federal ct under the 11th amdt from relying on Ex Parte Young to enjoy state official's action a STATE offcials action on STATE law.
Term
What are the factors for the case or contraversy requirement?
Definition
1. Injury in fact
2. Traceability
3. Redressability
Term
How is state citizenship for people determined?
Definition
Need 2 things:
1. Domicile or Physical present and
2. intent to remain indef in the state
Term
injunctive relief is generally not subject...
Definition
to Eleventh Amendment restrictions, these only apply when there is a claim for money damages or the equivalent.
Term
Can Congress amend a law while a case is pending?
Definition
Congress can amend a law while a case is pending as long as it does so in an across the board generally applicable manner, and if so the court must apply the law as amended not the law when the case was filed.
-Can't single out a specific case
Term
What is ripeness?
Definition
A doctrine that prevents the pre-enfrocement ajudciation of an issue
ex. poisonous toadstool
Term
What are the types of absention doctrines?
Definition
Pullman absentention
Burford Absention
Younger Absention
Term
What is pullman abstention?
Definition
Require fed cts to abstain from the exercise of jx in a case where P bring a dec cts suit to enjoin the enforcment of a state of local state and the following are met:
1. P claims is based on fed const ground
2. there is a threshold of unclear state law in the suit whose resolution could rended the fed cts decision on the const. question uncessary
Term
What is Burford abstention?
Definition
Requies a fed ct to abstain from teh exercise of jx in casse where th P seeks an injuction or declaratory judgment in a suit that would require fed ct to review state admins decision making and fact finding in frield traditionally allocated to states.

"complex issues of state law"
Term
What is Younger Absentention?
Definition
Requires fed cts abstain from jx in a case where the P seeks injuctive relief agains ongoing state criminal proceedings

Exception for extrordinary circumstance

Necessary if P is seeking prospective relief.
Term
Reasons for absention
Definition
abstention avoids friction between the federal and state courts,5 reduces the likelihood that a federal court will make an erroneous interpretation of state law,6 and may avoid unnecessary constitutional rulings.
Term
What is Thibodaux Absentention?
Definition
abstention requires the federal court to yield jurisdiction in diversity cases involving certain kinds of important issues of unclear state law.
Term
What is Coloroado River Absentention?
Definition
When there are issues of parallel or duplicaive state and federal regulation
Term
Can a court issue and injunction prevent the future prosecution under a law?
Definition
Yes, under Doran (topless bar case) upheld a prelimiary injunction on threaten prosecution
Term
What is an exception circumstance to get around the abstention doctrine?
Definition
“a clear showing that an injunction is necessary in order to afford adequate protection of constitutional rights."
- Wooley v. Maynard, where the D gets prosecuted 5 time in 3 weeks and in between proceedings files a federal court injuction
Term
How is Mitchum an exception to the Anti-Injunction Act?
Definition
Mitchum says that there is an exception to the Anti-Injunction Act if you have a 1983 claim

If no pending prosecution, then according to Steffel
v. Thompson you may be able to try your 1983 claim in federal court.
Term
What is the basis for the Younger Doctrine
Definition
equity jurisprudence and comity, not the anti-injunction act
Term
What is the Anti-Injunction Act?
Definition
Provides that a fed ct may not grant an injuction to stay proceedings in a state court except
(1) as expressly authorized by federal law
(2) when necessary in aid of jx
(3) to protect or carry out its judgments
Term
Was is the purpose of 1983?
Definition
to interpose the fed cts between the states and the people, as guardians of the people's federal rights to protect the pople from unconst action under color of state law.
Term
When looking for an exception to a Abstention and Anti-Injuction? What should you use?
Definition
Mitchum - Allows 1983 actions
Ex Parte Young
Term
Final Judgment have the effect of...
Definition
res judciata and Cong cannot reopen to them to get a different result
Term
What does the greater include the less refer to?
Definition
Disposal of jx for lower fed. cts beglons to Cong. Cong has the power to set up tribunals, whihc meant they have the power to determine their jurisidiction.

o In other words, Congress’s “greater” power to abolish the lower federal courts is widely thought logically to include the “lesser” power to limit the kinds or amount of cases that they can hear.

Sheldon v. Sill
Term
How does an Art I court get around due process concerns?
Definition
Under Battaglia, due process concerns are served where there is a least some forum to adjucicate them
Term
Can a public right (dispute bwtn government and private citizens be heard by an Art I court?
Definition
Under Public Rights Doctrine, many disputes b/w gov and private citizens are decided, at least initially, b/w admin agencies or Art I crts.
Term
Why was the bankruptcy court in Northern Pipeline not qualified to be an adjunct to a district court?
Definition
The bankruptcy act vested all essentail attributes of the judicial power of U.S. in the adjuct bankrupsty courts.
Term
What was the result of Northern Pipeline?
Definition
Congress attempted to set up bankruptcy courts as adjuncts to the District (Art. III) courts, and make a distinction between "core" or public rights issues and non-core, or plenary proceedings with the latter requiring de novo review by the Art. III judge.
Term
Test from the dissent of Northern Pipeline/majority in Schor?
FCAR?
Definition
1. Is there an attempt by Cong. to aggrandize or dictate the outcome of litigation?
a. When a leg crt is designed to deal with issues likely to be of little interest to the political branches, there is no fear that Cong has created such tribunals to aggrandize its powers.
2. Is there a demonstrated need for non-Art III judge?
a. For the sake of flexibility, Cong understandably did not want to crate several hundred bankruptcy judges with life tenure.
3. Availability of appellate review?
a. The existence of appellate review by Art II is sufficient for the cosnt. of bankruptcy.
Term
Can Art I court hear private disputes?
Definition
Yes, under Thomas v. Union Carbide private law disputes that are closely related to government regulatory provrams may be heard by Art I court.
Term
Things that make an Art I court look more Constitutional?
Definition
1. If a DCt has de novo review of the issue of law 2. Art III court has sole ability to enfroce the order of the non-ArtIII tribunal 3. The cases origniate in federal law and does not supplante state common law remedies
Term
How is corporate citizenship determined?
Definition
SCOTUS uses the "nerve center" test to deter a croporation s's citizenship
Becasue the corp headquarters is in a state will lead to the state being a citizen there.

Strawbridgev. Curtis
Term
Can Congress limited the and regulate SCOTUS and the lower federal courts?
Definition
Yes, there is a limite to SCOTUS under Art III section 2 exceptions clause.
There is a power to limited the lower courts from Art III, section "ordain and establish" because the greater power includes the lesser.
Term
Must every citizen in a class acton claim meet the amount in controversy requirement?
Definition
No, the the amount in controversy does not have to be met for plaintiff seeking to be joined under rule 19 or rule 24.
Term
What happens if A sues B in federal court then B sues A in state court, should the court issue an injuction?
Definition
No, unless there is some sort of res involved, it would not fall under the necessary in aid of jx exception for the AIA. There is no evidence of a res involved in this hypo. C
This would probably just be a race to judgment and the frist to there would have a preclusive effect on the other.
Term
Can divorce and child support claims be brought in fed ct?
Definition
No, divorce and child support claim cannot be heard in fed ct. bc there is no jx on 1331 or art 3. As far as dviersity, there is no way to satisfy the amount in contrversy. if the reimbursement for the trust fund meets the amount in controversy requirement then it can be brought, if there is diversity.
Term
What is the probate exception?
Definition
A federal ct can’t probate a will but it does not apply to in personam tort claims, even if these might arguable be within the juridicition of a state probate court. A federal ct which has bankruptcy or diversity jx can decide such claims

Bases on the need for 1 ct to reliquish jx to another when there is an issue of real prop. but does not act as a bat to hearing those matters.
Term
What are the exceptions to the anti-injunction act?
Definition
1) there is express authorization by congress
(2) in aid of jx exception
(3)to effect or effucate judgments and
the judge made ex parte young exception for irepparable injury.
Term
What is the well-pleaded complain rule?
Definition
if there is a const claim on the face of their comlaint and request a remedy under federal law, there is a fed question jx

P can artfully plead to bring themselves into federal court or to take themselves out.
Term
Exception to the Younger abstention doctrine
Definition
bad faith
harassing prosecution or
other unsual circumstances.
Term
What is a chilling effect and is it enough to get an injuction?
Definition
A chilling effect is when a statute's vagneuss or over breadth is not sufficeient to justify a substantial departure o the posicies regarding when injuction is avaiblable as an equitabel relief.
Term
What happens if a state court files proceedings after the claim has already been filed in state ct?
Definition
In Hicks the supreme court found that if state cirminal proceedings began before federal proceedins were “substantially complete” then it acted as reverse removoal and the fed ct cannot hear the claims under Younger.
Term
In deciding whether in imply a private remedy of some provision of the Bill of Rights a def ct will consider Cong legisilation which grants some sort of remdey if that legistilation does no refer specifically to a constitional right?
Definition
This is true, the court in deciding whether they need to fahsion a judical remedy to affored someone relief for a vioaltion of thei const rights, the could will consider whether thei si an effective remdy already in place.
Term
What is Reverse Removal?
Definition
When P files in fed ct and then the state brings proceedings. The state can effectivly do a reverse removal under Hicks v Miranda, if the fed ct has not begun proceedings on the merit.
Term
Has SCOTUS interpreted the 11th amendment more broadly then the text of the amendment?
Definition
Yes, the 11th amendment has been interpreseted more baodly then its text. Soverign immunity now includes state arm, the state and state officals.
Hans v. LA - the ct found that the 11th amendemn barred suits aginst states by citizens of that state.
Term
Is there a Bivens action aginist the government?
Definition
No under Wilkie
The Court declined to extend the availability of Bivens actions to cases of retaliation for the exercise of the right to exclude the government from one's property. The Court noted that Robbins had other administrative and judicial remedies for the government's various violations, though it acknowledged that these amounted to a difficult-to-use "patchwork."
Term
What is an implied cause of action?
Definition
Federal courts do have the power to award damages (a private right of action in the form of monetary damages) for violation of 'constitutionally protected interests'
Term
Does every claimiant in a civil action have to meet the amt in controversy?
Definition
As long as one plaintiff’s claim satisfies the minimum amount-in-controversy requirement, the court may exercise jurisdiction over additional plaintiff’s case that fall short of the requirement, when all claims arise from the same case or controversy.
Term
When can fed cts decline jx?
Definition
1. Novel or complex issue of state law
2. state law claims predominates
3. dist court has dismissed all claims over which it has orignial jx
4. compelling reasons
Term
Do you need a US party on either side of the dispute? What if there is collusion?
Definition
You need a US party on one side of the dispute
A collusive assignment may not be used to create diversity of citizenship. The court reasoned that if federal jurisdiction could be created by assignments of this kind a vast quantity of ordinary contract and tort litigation could be channeled into federal courts. Section 1359 was enacted to prevent the manufacture of federal jurisdiction.
Term
Can a federal employee sue for damages for the violation of const rights where Congress has provided a remedial scheme, although one which does not fully compensate the employee for the harm suffered?
Definition
Bush v. Lucas
No; not under the CSC regulations. The federal judiciary, pursuant to its common law authority, has the power to recognize new causes of action in absence of, or to supplement, statutory remedies unless Congress has expressly indicated its relief is to be exclusive.
Term
What is the Rocker-Feldman doctrine?
Definition
A form of abstention that deems that federal courts lack jurisdiction to hear cases already fully decided in state courts. The doctrine is not a judicially created exception to federal jurisdiction. Rather, the Rooker and Feldman cases simply recognized the fact that Congress has not granted the federal district or appeals courts statutory jurisdiction to consider appeals of state court decisions
Term
What is the rule of Hicks v. Miranda?
Definition
judgment if a state prosecution is commenced BEFORE the federal court procedures are substantially completed (before proceedings on the substance of the merits).
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