Term
| Physicians recommend vitamin E supplements fo the prevention of heart disease and cancer. (T/F) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who is least likely to be at risk for developing a vitamin K deficiency? |
|
Definition
| People who consume large quantities of leafy green veggies |
|
|
Term
| What is true regarding blood coagulation? |
|
Definition
Both vitamin K and Ca are necessary for the activation of clotting factors
fibrinogen is the inactive form of the protein fibrin
vitamin K is necessary for carboxylation reactions that activate coagulation factors |
|
|
Term
| Which vitamins can only be obtained through the diet? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is true of fat-soluble vitamins? |
|
Definition
| Fat-soluble vitamins require bile for absorption |
|
|
Term
| Cartenoids that cannot be converted to vitamin A are useless and consumption of them should be avoided (T/F) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What reaction has ot occur each time light reaches the eye before the product of this reaction can be recombined with opsin to reform rhodopsin? |
|
Definition
| Trans-retinal must be reconverted to cis-retinal |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin A is essential to the prevention of infectious disease for which of the following reasons? |
|
Definition
| Vitamin a promotes the transcription of antimicrobial proteins |
|
|
Term
| What is true regarding Vitamin A deficiency? |
|
Definition
| Blindness may develop due to a hardening of the cornea |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following are ways that vitamin D contributes to calcium homeostasis? |
|
Definition
Vitamin D promotes the synthesis of Ca transporters in the small intestines
Vitamin D promotes the releaseof calcium from bone stores |
|
|
Term
| The liver and kidney must activate vitamin D before it can be used in the body (T/F). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is true regarding vitamin D synthesis by the body? |
|
Definition
The use of sunscreen whenever skin is exposed to the sun
People with darker skin make less vitamin D than ppl with lighter skin
Vitamin D synthesis is affected by the seasons
People tend to make less vitamin D as they get older |
|
|
Term
| The american academy of pediatrics recommmends vitamin D supplementation in babies who don't receive fortified formula to prevent the development of which disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eating raw eggs causes a deficiency in what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neural tube defects affect 1/1,000 newborns born in the US. What is the best way to prevent this from happening? |
|
Definition
| Consume a diet rich in folate prior to and during pregnancy. |
|
|
Term
| All B vitamins function as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bioavailability of Vitamin C is enhanced by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Niacin deficiency causes... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The symptoms of what result in the 4 Ds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHen the intake of water-soluble vitamins is high, absorption occurs by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The inability to produce intrinsic factor protein can result in what deficiency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the intake of water-soluble vitamins is low, absorption occurs by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A disease characterized by severe muscle wasting, leg cramps, tenderness and decreased feeling in feet and toes is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Milk is packaged in opaque containers to protect which of the following vitamins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A deficiency in vitamin B6 results in... |
|
Definition
| microcytic hypochromic anemia |
|
|
Term
| Scurvy symptoms include... |
|
Definition
| bleeding gums, skin irritations, bruising, and poor wound healing |
|
|
Term
| What "control center" in the body responds to hunger and satiety cues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the energy expenditure called the "thermic effect of food"? |
|
Definition
| Digestion, absorption, transportation, metabolism, and storage of nutrients following a meal |
|
|
Term
| What type of obesity is associated with increased risk for developing cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Protects cells exposed to oxygen from oxidative damage
Slows the development of plaque formation in blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| What does the set point theory suggest with regard to the body's regulation of weight? |
|
Definition
| When the amount of adipose tissue decreases beyond a "set point" a signal causes food intake to increase and/or energy expenditure to decrease |
|
|
Term
| The amino acid tryptophan can be converted to what vitamin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three main components of total energy expenditure? |
|
Definition
| Basal metabolism, physical activity, and thermic effect of food |
|
|
Term
| what is the BMI for someone who weighs 220lbs and is 5'11" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is it difficult to lose weight simply by eating fewer calories? |
|
Definition
| the body's response to receiving few calories is to reduce the BMR |
|
|
Term
| When someone is in negative energy balance what serves as the body's primary energy source? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You have gained weight and your adipocytes are filled with triglycerides. THis is called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the physiological response to have eaten enough? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is true regarding catabolism? |
|
Definition
Larger compounds are broken down to smaller compounds
catabolism occurs when there is a need for a specific nutrient |
|
|
Term
| About how much of one's total energy expenditure is due to one's basal metabolic rate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A significant health hazard from obesity is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does thrifty gene hypothesis suggesst? |
|
Definition
| people who are genetically best able to survive starvation are also those most prone to weight gain when food is plentiful |
|
|
Term
| What happens when a person loses body fat? |
|
Definition
| adipocytes shrink in size |
|
|
Term
| What have researchers learned about the causes of boesity from studying identical twins separated at birth? |
|
Definition
| genetics, rather than lifestyle, largely determine body weight |
|
|
Term
| Which sugar is a monosaccharide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is true regarding high fructose corn syrup? |
|
Definition
It is used to sweeten baked goods
it is made from cornstarch
the rise in consumption parallels the rise in obesity |
|
|
Term
| What is the storage form of carbohydrate in humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| benefits of fiber consumption include... |
|
Definition
promotes satiety
helps to alleviate constipation
helps to reduce cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| What is true regardign low glycemic index foods? |
|
Definition
there is a modest rise in blood glucose
blood glucose return to normal slowly |
|
|
Term
| segmentation as a function of the GI tract involves... |
|
Definition
| back and forth contraction that breaks apart the food mass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prolonged exercise and fasting |
|
|
Term
| What will occur in response to a rise in blood glucose? |
|
Definition
| beta cells will release insulin |
|
|
Term
| Sunil just finished eating chicken, rice, fruit, cookies and tea. What is happening now? |
|
Definition
| insulin will be secreted by his pancrease |
|
|
Term
| Insulin stimulates ______ and reduces ______. |
|
Definition
| glycogenesis; gluconeogenesis |
|
|
Term
| What is the acceptable macronutrient distribution range for carbs as a percentage of total energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GI motility and the release of GI secretions are carefully regulated by... |
|
Definition
| Neural and hormonal signals |
|
|
Term
| What controls the movement of food from tthe stomach into the duodenum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do high-glycemic index foods lead to increased fat synthesis? |
|
Definition
| High GI foods cause an immediate rise in blood glucose that is in excess of what is normally needed |
|
|
Term
| How does insulin help to decrease blood glucose levels? |
|
Definition
| It moves glucose transporters to cell walls |
|
|
Term
| What are the consequences of uncontrolled high blood glucose? |
|
Definition
Increased risk of wound infections
atherosclerosis
ketoacidosis
heart disease |
|
|
Term
| What increases the available surface area of fats for digestion and later absorption? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bicarbonate ions from the pancrease do what? |
|
Definition
| Neutralize that acid contents in the duodenum |
|
|
Term
| Milk and cream diets for the treatment of ulcers is considered out of date therapy... |
|
Definition
because the calcium in milk stimulate the formation of gastrin which is responsible for the increased acid production
since H2 blockers and proton inhibitors do a much better job controlling acid production |
|
|
Term
| What hormon is involved in the brain signaling to eat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bile is reabsorbed through the ileum and returned to the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What characteristic are related to the increased risk of CHD seen in ppl with type 2 diabetes? |
|
Definition
| low HDL, sugar coated LDL, high levels fo triglycerides |
|
|
Term
| The stomach is protected from digesting itself by producing... |
|
Definition
| a thick layer of mucus to coat the lining of the stomach |
|
|
Term
| What is the umbrella term used to describe a set of 4 groups of values: EARs, RDAs, AIs, ULs |
|
Definition
| Dietary Reference Intakes |
|
|
Term
| How are ingredients listed on a food label? |
|
Definition
| In decreasing order by weight |
|
|
Term
| What effects transit time of the chyme? |
|
Definition
consuming a Big Mac
biking to class
chron's disease
depression |
|
|
Term
| What are the three functions of the GI tract? |
|
Definition
| digestion, absorption, and egestion/excretion |
|
|
Term
| In the process of swallowing, the food cannot normally enter the trachea because... |
|
Definition
| the epiglottis covers the larynx |
|
|
Term
| Peptic ulcers are cause by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fat soluble molecules are absorbed into what circulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin stimulates what in liver and muscle cells but not in adipose cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With long term constipation, areas along the colon wall can become weak and develop protruding pouches. What is this called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What has symptoms of indegestion and a burning sensation in mid-chest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone is release when food enters the stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What increases satiation due to longer digestion times? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary source of energy for the brain and CNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are DRIs not used on food labels? |
|
Definition
| DRIs are age and gender specific and food labels are not |
|
|
Term
| WHich organ of the GI tract has the highest nutrient absorption? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three main types of passive transport mechanisms for control of movement of substances in and out of cells? |
|
Definition
| Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis |
|
|
Term
| Celiac diseas is an inflammatory response to a specific protein called gluted, found in what types of grains? |
|
Definition
| wheat, rye, barley, and possible oats |
|
|
Term
| What is the strucural part of the amino acid that is unique to each? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the metabolic process used by the body to synthesize nonessential amino acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens if the shape of a protein is altered? |
|
Definition
| the functionality of the protein is affected |
|
|
Term
| What happens to excess protein durning times of excess glucose and energy availability? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of malnutrition is characterized by a skin and bones-like appearance whithout the presence of severe edema? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which condition would result in a negative nitrogen balance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the differences between men and women in response to alcohol? |
|
Definition
women have a greater percentage of body fat
men tend to be taller and heavier than women |
|
|
Term
| What type of CVD is most prevalent in the US? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organism is commonly found in raw or undercooked poultry, pastries, and milk? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Home-canned foods put you at risk for ______ b/c of _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organism is likely to be found in contaminated water, undercooked meat, and seafood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Worms and protozoa form _________ which contaminate food. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mad cow disease is caused by __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The danger zone is between what degrees fahrenheit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A fatty acid containing 2+ carbon-carbon double bonds is a __________ fatty acid. |
|
Definition
| unsaturated or polyunsaturated |
|
|
Term
| What type of fat is compound butter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What process converts corn oil to margarine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A fatty acid designated as 18:2... |
|
Definition
has 18 carbons
has 2 double bonds
is unsaturated
is polyunsaturated |
|
|
Term
| An omega 3 fatty acid has its first double bond at which end of the the molecule? |
|
Definition
| the third carbon from the methyl |
|
|
Term
| What are the two essential fatty acids for adults? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Very low fat diets put u at risk for developing... |
|
Definition
| en essential fatty acid deficiency |
|
|
Term
| What kind of oils have saturated fatty acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a common phospholipid often used as a food stabilizer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the body, cholesterol is incorporated into cell membranes and is used to synthesize... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is considered metabolic fuel? |
|
Definition
| glucose, fatty acids, amino acids |
|
|
Term
| anabolic pathways promote the... |
|
Definition
| synthesis of new compounds and energy storage |
|
|
Term
| ATP is produced via oxidative phosphorylation in a cells... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ETC is a _________ process. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What metaboic pathway is catabolic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When you skip meals what metabolic process occurs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycolysis begins with ____________ and ends with _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Availability of ________ determines whether pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA or lactate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the process by which fatty acids are metabolized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What metabolic process synthesizes glucose from noncarbohydrate sources? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much energy is expended by the body at rest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the immediate energy system for the muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ATP-CP is what type of energy system? immediate, short, or long term |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycolysis is what type of energy system? immediate, short, or long term |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Citric acid cycle is what type of energy system? immediate, short, or long term |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During a 100-meter run which pathways would generate most of the ATP needed? |
|
Definition
| ATP creatine phosphate pathway; glycolysis |
|
|
Term
| What would happen to an athlete if he became dehydrated and lost 5% of his body weight by sweating? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A decrease in blood sodium concentration is called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When would it be beneficial for an athelete to consume a sports drink? |
|
Definition
| during workouts/events that last longer than an hour |
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