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FCP 2 exam 2
Flash cards for exam 2 covering neuro & abdominal exam and some EBCP.
93
Medical
Professional
04/30/2013

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Cards

Term
Confounding is a type of
Definition
Bias
Term
Common threats to internal validity (3)
Definition
1) Bias, 2) confounding, 3) chance
Term
Confoundings are associated with: exposure or disease
Definition
Both
Term
Ways to avoid confounding (3)
Definition
1) Randomization, 2) matching, 3) statistical adjustment
Term
Randomization requires what kind of study design
Definition
Experimental
Term
Matching requires assessment of what during study design
Definition
Confounders to determine who to match
Term
After recognizing a confounder, the ___ relative risk is statistically modified to get the ___ relative risk
Definition
Crude RR → adjusted RR
Term
If the crude & adjusted relative risks are different, then the was there a confounder: yes or no
Definition
Yes
Term
If the crude & adjusted relative risks are the same, then the was there a confounder: yes or no
Definition
No
Term
Failure to adjust for a confounder leads to determing there is a statistical significance where there is not: is this type I or II error
Definition
Type I: detection of an effect when there is not an effect (a "false positive")
Term
Multivariable logistic regression used for: categorical, continuous, or time-to-event outcome
Definition
Categorical
Term
Multiple linear regression used for: categorical, continuous, or time-to-event outcome
Definition
Continuous
Term
Multivariable Cox regression used for: categorical, continuous, or time-to-event outcome
Definition
Time-to-event outcome
Term
y=ax+b is what kind of regression
Definition
Linear
Term
If correlation coefficient=0 then what can you conclude
Definition
No correlation
Term
If correlation coefficient>0 then what can you conclude
Definition
Positive correlation
Term
If correlation coefficient<0 then what can you conclude
Definition
Negative correlation
Term
If correlation coefficient=100 then what can you conclude
Definition
Math error: r is between -1 and +1
Term
Kaplan-Meier curves plot what vs. what
Definition
Time vs. whatever being measured (e.g., mortality)
Term
Median survival time on a Kaplan-Meier curve is determined how
Definition
Finding where the plot crossing y=0.5 and finding the time (x value) where 0.5 is crossed
Term
Cox regression permits you to measure __ ratios
Definition
Hazard ratios
Term
For mortality, if the hazard ratio=1 then what can you conclude
Definition
No difference between groups
Term
For mortality, if the hazard ratio>1 then what can you conclude
Definition
Treatment/exposure/disease suggests harm: HR>1 means they are more likely to be harmed
Term
For mortality, if the hazard ratio<1 then what can you conclude
Definition
Treatment/exposure/disease suggests benefit: HR<1 means they are less likely to be harmed
Term
Does statistical significance mean clinical significance: yes or no
Definition
No
Term
Measurements of treatment effects are made under relatively ideal conditions: efficacy or effectiveness
Definition
Efficacy
Term
Measurements of treatment effects are made under “real-world” conditions: efficacy or effectiveness
Definition
Effectiveness
Term
Typically an aim of randomized clinical trials: efficacy or effectiveness
Definition
Efficacy
Term
Which is partly affected by adherence: efficacy or effectiveness
Definition
Effectiveness
Term
Adherence
Definition
How well patients followed the treatment plan
Term
Cross-sectional study: observational or experimental study
Definition
Observational
Term
Case-control study: observational or experimental study
Definition
Observational
Term
RCT: observational or experimental study
Definition
Experimental
Term
Cohort study: observational or experimental study
Definition
Observational
Term
Case control study: retrospective or prospective study
Definition
Retrospective only
Term
Why might a case control study be done
Definition
Disease is rare
Term
Can you calculate incidence from a case control study
Definition
No, researchers picked subjects
Term
Case control study can use: relative risk or odds ratio
Definition
Odds ratio
Term
If odds ratio=1, then what can you conclude
Definition
No association of exposure & disease
Term
If odds ratio>1, then what can you conclude
Definition
Exposure associated with increased odds of disease
Term
If odds ratio<1, then what can you conclude
Definition
Exposure associated with decreased odds of disease
Term
OR=
Definition
OR=(a/b)/(c/d) [ratio of row ratios]
Term
Pertaining to who is in a study: selection or information bias
Definition
Selection bias
Term
Pertaining to what is in a study: selection or information bias
Definition
Information bias
Term
Someone in a case control study over-reports their exposures: this is what kind of bias
Definition
Recall bias
Term
Recall bias is a type of: selection or information bias
Definition
Information bias
Term
Classification by exposure: cross-sectional, cohort, case-control
Definition
Cohort
Term
Classification by outcome: cross-sectional, cohort, case-control
Definition
Case-control
Term
Classification by exposure AND outcome simultaneously: cross-sectional, cohort, case-control
Definition
Cross-sectional
Term
A survey asking for various exposures and various symptoms would be what kind of study
Definition
Cross-sectional
Term
Cross-sectional studies generally allow estimation of: incidence or prevalence
Definition
Prevalence
Term
Case studies & series are what kind of study
Definition
Descriptive
Term
Which describe a single patient: case studies or case series
Definition
Case studies describe a single patient
Term
External validity aka
Definition
Generalizability
Term
When is external validity checked
Definition
After internal validity is checked
Term
If a confounder is in the causal pathway between exposure & outcome, it is instead what
Definition
Mediating variable
Term
Should you statistically adjust for counfounding variables: yes or no
Definition
Yes
Term
Should you statistically adjust for mediating variables: yes or no
Definition
No, if you do then you will remove some of the desired effect
Term
It depends: confounder, mediating, effect modification
Definition
Effect modification
Term
Statistically biases & obscures your desired relationship: confounder, mediating, effect modification
Definition
Confounder
Term
Partially responsible for desired effect: confounder, mediating, effect modification
Definition
Mediating variable
Term
Muscle strength: normal strength =
Definition
5
Term
Muscle strength: can overcome gravity but not resistance =
Definition
3
Term
Muscle strength: cannot overcome gravity =
Definition
2
Term
Muscle strength: flicker of movement only =
Definition
1
Term
Muscle strength: no movement =
Definition
0
Term
Liver starts at what vertebral level
Definition
T4
Term
Normal liver span
Definition
6-12 cm
Term
What line should you percuss the liver
Definition
Mid-clavicular line
Term
Checking venous flow of the abdomen, blood flows away from the umbilicus: disgnosis
Definition
Portal hypertension
Term
Checking venous flow of the abdomen, blood flows superiorly above & below umbilicus: disgnosis
Definition
Inferior vena cava obstruction
Term
Traube's space landmarks
Definition
6th rib, anterior axillary line, costal margin
Term
Types of abdominal pain (4)
Definition
1) Colic, 2) ache, 3) peritoneal, 4) referred
Term
Liver pain is referred to where
Definition
Right shoulder
Term
Pancreatitis pain is referred to where
Definition
Right costal margin & left shoulder
Term
Patient would lie still for: pancreatitis or renal colic
Definition
Pancreatitis
Term
Patient would writhe around for: pancreatitis or renal colic
Definition
Renal colic
Term
Involuntary; secondary to peritoneal tenderness: guarding or rigidity
Definition
Rigidity
Term
Resistance to palpation: guarding or rigidity
Definition
Guarding
Term
McBurney's point connects which two landmarks
Definition
Umbilicus & ASIS
Term
Provides evidence based summaries with evidence ratings for a wide range of diseases and drugs
Definition
DynaMed
Term
A comprehensive literature database of life sciences and biomedical information
Definition
PubMed
Term
MeSH search lets you search by what
Definition
Subject headings
Term
Purpose of growth charts
Definition
To track changes as diagnostic tool
Term
2nd percentile for height indicates child is __ [short or tall] for his/her age
Definition
Short
Term
Are patients with Turner's ___ [slower, normal, or faster] growers than non-Turner
Definition
Slower ∴ need different growth charts
Term
Does the "obese if BMI ≥30" rule apply to children: yes or no
Definition
No
Term
At which age do children have the lowest BMI
Definition
7 years [~15]
Term
At which age do infants have the highest BMI
Definition
4-6 months [~17]
Term
BMI percentile of age 2-18 that is a strong PPV of adult obestiy
Definition
>99% at age 2-18 is strong PPV of adult obesity
Term
Height velocity is maximal at what age
Definition
< 6 months
Term
When do height velocities diverage between sexes
Definition
9 years
Term
Peaks of weight velocity (2)
Definition
1) < 6 months, 2) peak of puberty (♀=13, ♂=15)
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