Term
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Definition
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Term
| Common threats to internal validity (3) |
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Definition
| 1) Bias, 2) confounding, 3) chance |
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Term
| Confoundings are associated with: exposure or disease |
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Definition
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Term
| Ways to avoid confounding (3) |
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Definition
| 1) Randomization, 2) matching, 3) statistical adjustment |
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Term
| Randomization requires what kind of study design |
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Definition
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Term
| Matching requires assessment of what during study design |
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Definition
| Confounders to determine who to match |
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Term
| After recognizing a confounder, the ___ relative risk is statistically modified to get the ___ relative risk |
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Definition
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Term
| If the crude & adjusted relative risks are different, then the was there a confounder: yes or no |
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Definition
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Term
| If the crude & adjusted relative risks are the same, then the was there a confounder: yes or no |
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Definition
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Term
| Failure to adjust for a confounder leads to determing there is a statistical significance where there is not: is this type I or II error |
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Definition
| Type I: detection of an effect when there is not an effect (a "false positive") |
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Term
| Multivariable logistic regression used for: categorical, continuous, or time-to-event outcome |
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Definition
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Term
| Multiple linear regression used for: categorical, continuous, or time-to-event outcome |
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Definition
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Term
| Multivariable Cox regression used for: categorical, continuous, or time-to-event outcome |
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Definition
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Term
| y=ax+b is what kind of regression |
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Definition
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Term
| If correlation coefficient=0 then what can you conclude |
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Definition
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Term
| If correlation coefficient>0 then what can you conclude |
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Definition
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Term
| If correlation coefficient<0 then what can you conclude |
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Definition
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Term
| If correlation coefficient=100 then what can you conclude |
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Definition
| Math error: r is between -1 and +1 |
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Term
| Kaplan-Meier curves plot what vs. what |
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Definition
| Time vs. whatever being measured (e.g., mortality) |
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Term
| Median survival time on a Kaplan-Meier curve is determined how |
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Definition
| Finding where the plot crossing y=0.5 and finding the time (x value) where 0.5 is crossed |
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Term
| Cox regression permits you to measure __ ratios |
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Definition
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Term
| For mortality, if the hazard ratio=1 then what can you conclude |
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Definition
| No difference between groups |
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Term
| For mortality, if the hazard ratio>1 then what can you conclude |
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Definition
| Treatment/exposure/disease suggests harm: HR>1 means they are more likely to be harmed |
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Term
| For mortality, if the hazard ratio<1 then what can you conclude |
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Definition
| Treatment/exposure/disease suggests benefit: HR<1 means they are less likely to be harmed |
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Term
| Does statistical significance mean clinical significance: yes or no |
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Definition
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Term
| Measurements of treatment effects are made under relatively ideal conditions: efficacy or effectiveness |
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Definition
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Term
| Measurements of treatment effects are made under “real-world” conditions: efficacy or effectiveness |
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Definition
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Term
| Typically an aim of randomized clinical trials: efficacy or effectiveness |
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Definition
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Term
| Which is partly affected by adherence: efficacy or effectiveness |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| How well patients followed the treatment plan |
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Term
| Cross-sectional study: observational or experimental study |
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Definition
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Term
| Case-control study: observational or experimental study |
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Definition
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Term
| RCT: observational or experimental study |
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Definition
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Term
| Cohort study: observational or experimental study |
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Definition
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Term
| Case control study: retrospective or prospective study |
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Definition
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Term
| Why might a case control study be done |
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Definition
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Term
| Can you calculate incidence from a case control study |
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Definition
| No, researchers picked subjects |
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Term
| Case control study can use: relative risk or odds ratio |
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Definition
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Term
| If odds ratio=1, then what can you conclude |
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Definition
| No association of exposure & disease |
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Term
| If odds ratio>1, then what can you conclude |
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Definition
| Exposure associated with increased odds of disease |
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Term
| If odds ratio<1, then what can you conclude |
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Definition
| Exposure associated with decreased odds of disease |
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Term
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Definition
| OR=(a/b)/(c/d) [ratio of row ratios] |
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Term
| Pertaining to who is in a study: selection or information bias |
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Definition
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Term
| Pertaining to what is in a study: selection or information bias |
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Definition
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Term
| Someone in a case control study over-reports their exposures: this is what kind of bias |
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Definition
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Term
| Recall bias is a type of: selection or information bias |
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Definition
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Term
| Classification by exposure: cross-sectional, cohort, case-control |
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Definition
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Term
| Classification by outcome: cross-sectional, cohort, case-control |
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Definition
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Term
| Classification by exposure AND outcome simultaneously: cross-sectional, cohort, case-control |
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Definition
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Term
| A survey asking for various exposures and various symptoms would be what kind of study |
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Definition
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Term
| Cross-sectional studies generally allow estimation of: incidence or prevalence |
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Definition
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Term
| Case studies & series are what kind of study |
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Definition
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Term
| Which describe a single patient: case studies or case series |
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Definition
| Case studies describe a single patient |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| When is external validity checked |
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Definition
| After internal validity is checked |
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Term
| If a confounder is in the causal pathway between exposure & outcome, it is instead what |
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Definition
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Term
| Should you statistically adjust for counfounding variables: yes or no |
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Definition
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Term
| Should you statistically adjust for mediating variables: yes or no |
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Definition
| No, if you do then you will remove some of the desired effect |
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Term
| It depends: confounder, mediating, effect modification |
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Definition
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Term
| Statistically biases & obscures your desired relationship: confounder, mediating, effect modification |
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Definition
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Term
| Partially responsible for desired effect: confounder, mediating, effect modification |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscle strength: normal strength = |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscle strength: can overcome gravity but not resistance = |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscle strength: cannot overcome gravity = |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscle strength: flicker of movement only = |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscle strength: no movement = |
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Definition
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Term
| Liver starts at what vertebral level |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What line should you percuss the liver |
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Definition
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Term
| Checking venous flow of the abdomen, blood flows away from the umbilicus: disgnosis |
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Definition
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Term
| Checking venous flow of the abdomen, blood flows superiorly above & below umbilicus: disgnosis |
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Definition
| Inferior vena cava obstruction |
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Term
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Definition
| 6th rib, anterior axillary line, costal margin |
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Term
| Types of abdominal pain (4) |
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Definition
| 1) Colic, 2) ache, 3) peritoneal, 4) referred |
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Term
| Liver pain is referred to where |
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Definition
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Term
| Pancreatitis pain is referred to where |
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Definition
| Right costal margin & left shoulder |
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Term
| Patient would lie still for: pancreatitis or renal colic |
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Definition
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Term
| Patient would writhe around for: pancreatitis or renal colic |
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Definition
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Term
| Involuntary; secondary to peritoneal tenderness: guarding or rigidity |
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Definition
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Term
| Resistance to palpation: guarding or rigidity |
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Definition
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Term
| McBurney's point connects which two landmarks |
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Definition
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Term
| Provides evidence based summaries with evidence ratings for a wide range of diseases and drugs |
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Definition
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Term
| A comprehensive literature database of life sciences and biomedical information |
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Definition
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Term
| MeSH search lets you search by what |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| To track changes as diagnostic tool |
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Term
| 2nd percentile for height indicates child is __ [short or tall] for his/her age |
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Definition
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Term
| Are patients with Turner's ___ [slower, normal, or faster] growers than non-Turner |
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Definition
| Slower ∴ need different growth charts |
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Term
| Does the "obese if BMI ≥30" rule apply to children: yes or no |
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Definition
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Term
| At which age do children have the lowest BMI |
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Definition
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Term
| At which age do infants have the highest BMI |
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Definition
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Term
| BMI percentile of age 2-18 that is a strong PPV of adult obestiy |
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Definition
| >99% at age 2-18 is strong PPV of adult obesity |
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Term
| Height velocity is maximal at what age |
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Definition
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Term
| When do height velocities diverage between sexes |
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Definition
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Term
| Peaks of weight velocity (2) |
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Definition
| 1) < 6 months, 2) peak of puberty (♀=13, ♂=15) |
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