Term
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Definition
| the portion of a domestics market taken by imports; the percent relationship between US production and imports that continues to rise; labor intensive |
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Term
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Definition
| amount by which the value of imports exceeds exports; a condition in international trade in which the value of a country's imports is in excess of the value of its imports |
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Term
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Definition
| a treaty between two countries determining import volume |
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Term
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Definition
| quantative restrictions placed on exporting countries on the number or units of specific product categories that may be shipped to a particular importing country over a specified period of time; measuerd in SMEs (square meter equivalent) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| illegal process in which countries with used up quota export (transship) through a 3rd country with quota available |
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Term
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Definition
| stores (retailer- JC Penney) make more off private labels (Straford), virtual manufacture; occurs when a retailer contracts the production of private-label merchandise, prividing precise specification for the end produce |
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Term
| square meter equivalent (SME) |
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Definition
| quotas are specified in this unit and all apparel items can be translated into it |
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Term
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Definition
| the reductions, limitation, or exclusion of merchandise from other countries; groups on this side- US producers, UNITE, producers trade associations |
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Term
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Definition
| avioding protectionist measures and letting goods flow freely among countries; groups on this side- retailers/importers, retaliers/importers trade associations, offshore contracting firms, consumers |
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Term
| General Agreements on Tariffs & Trade (GATT) |
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Definition
| 1947, agreement to reduce trade barriers that countries were erecting against products from other nations; replaced in 1995 by WTO |
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Term
| Multifiber Agreement (MFA) |
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Definition
| 1974, a trade policy responsible for the textile/apparel quota system |
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Term
| North American Free Trade Agreemtent (NAFTA) |
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Definition
| permits free trade among Mexico, Canada, and the United States; as a result Mexico has become the major source of apparel imports in the U.S. market |
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Term
| World Trade Organization (WTO) |
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Definition
| replaced GATT in 1995 and phased out in 10 years |
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Term
| Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) |
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Definition
| agreement that you can use foreign fabric but you have to use American thread |
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Term
| Free Trade Agreement of the Americans (FTAA) |
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Definition
| agreement that includes Alaska to the bottom of South America |
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Term
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Definition
| tax on imports, established and regulated by the U.S. government, paid by the retailer/importer, and collected by the U.S. Customs Service |
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Term
| Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI) |
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Definition
| a preferential program developed by the U.S. government to promote economic development in 27 countries in the Caribbean Basin region |
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Term
| Caribbean Basin Textile Access Program (807/807A) |
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Definition
| 1986, agreement under which Caribbean apparel products are given a more liberal quota system for access to the U.S. market if fabrics are both made and cut in the United States |
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Term
| country of origin ruling (1985) |
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Definition
| country where "substantial transformation" of the garment took place |
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Term
| country of origin ruling (1996) |
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Definition
| country of origin is the country in which the garment assembly occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| offshore production in which you provide everything else, everything but the design is supplied by the contractor |
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Term
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Definition
| offshore production in which you make "my" design, the domestic producer that supplies the designs buys the fabric and then has it shipped to a contractor to be cut and sewn according to specifications |
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Term
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Definition
| offshore production in which sew it together, fabric is made and cut in the US and then sent elsewhere for sewing as specified |
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Term
| methods to penetrate foreign markets |
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Definition
| licensing agreements, direct exporting, joint ventures, direct ownership |
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Term
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Definition
| uncomplicated way for a domestic manufacturer to cultivate forgeign markets, and it is the least costly (Gap opens Indonesia store) |
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Term
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Definition
| made in US, export to country with light tax; means it is selling products in other markets directly from the home base |
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Term
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Definition
| "you" in US own name, but "they" produce it; partnerships between a domestic company and a company in another country |
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Term
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Definition
| an assembly or production facility, or it may be the ownership of a company complete with productions and marketing |
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Term
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Definition
| What is least expensive method of penetrating foreign markets? |
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Term
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Definition
| when apparel firms and others in the industry "thought of their business and markets in term of where their plants could produce" |
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Term
| marketing orientation/concept |
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Definition
| customer centered approach of achieving the companies goals by determining the needs and wants of customers and delivering more effectively and efficient companies |
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Term
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Definition
| a particular segment of a total potential market selected by a company as the object of its marketing efforts; defined by demographics & psycographics |
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Term
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Definition
| the subdivision of a population (frequently ultimate consumers) whose members share similar identifiable characteristics (e.g. age, wealth, education, level, etc.); defined by demographics and psychographics |
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Term
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Definition
| which identifies the population in groups based on demographic variables such as age, gender, income, occupation, education, religion, race, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| which identifies lifestyles and lifestyle classifications that appear to influence consumers' buying motivation |
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Term
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Definition
| identifies the customer, determines what products to offer customers and how to and still profit |
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Term
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Definition
| process which products are planned, designed, developed and presented to the identified target markets |
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Term
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Definition
| operation that implements marketing and merchandising activities by physically selling the line to retail customers according to marketing plans |
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Term
| product, price, place, promotion |
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Definition
| What four elements define a company's marketing mix? |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to fashion items and services that a company will offer its target market |
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Term
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Definition
| indicates where the product will be sold |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to what customers who but the product will be charges |
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Term
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Definition
| includes all the efforts of a company to establish the identity and enhance the demand for specific brands and designer name products or to encourage buying from certain retailers |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1946-1963 (first wave 1946-1955, second wave 1956-1963) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| they shop at stores like Metro-mart and J. Crew |
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Definition
| How has the fashion industry been impacted by generation y? |
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Term
| they make uo the biggest population group with the largest amount of shoppers, the younger boom generation shops online, shop at stores like Chico's and Talbot's |
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Definition
| How has the fashion industry been impacted by the baby boomers? |
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Term
| they were dropped into child rearing, Target and American Apparel buyers, Hot Topic and Metro Park and other new stores (a word to the y's" |
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Definition
| How has the fashion industry been impacted by generation x? |
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Term
| they shop at stores like Delia's, Limited Too, Abercrombie; consumers are tweens; the south has the highest concentration of tweens |
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Definition
| How has the fashion industry been impacted by generation z? |
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Term
| wear clothing from lines such as Marc Jacobs Kids line, and Juicy Jump suits for babies |
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Definition
| generations following generation z |
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Term
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Definition
| Which ethnic population group had the highest spending in the year 2000? |
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Term
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Definition
| Which ethnic population group had the second highest spending in the year 2000? |
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Term
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Definition
| Which ethnic population group had the third highest spending in the year 2000? They also has the fastest growing spending in numbers. |
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Term
| Asian Americans (with Chinese at the top of the list, and Philipeano, Indian, Vietnamese, and Korean following) |
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Definition
| Which ethnic population group had the fourth highest spending in the year 2000? They also had the largest growth in spending. |
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Term
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Definition
| getting the right merchandise to the market at the right time; serving the customer more effectively by focusing on the customer's needs |
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Term
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Definition
| mark down prices; depends on force-feeding a product line through the multistage production and marketing process in hopes that the customer would like the end product; if the consumer did not like it the price is marked down |
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Term
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Definition
| customer is pulling the merchandise; is based on observing the consumer and translating the consumer's wishes back through the pipeline to determine what will be produced |
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Term
| floor-ready merchandising |
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Definition
| packaging and ticketing ready to move directly to the sales floor |
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Term
| consumer-ready merchandising |
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Definition
| retail stores become the "theater" in which the consumer makes buying decisions; customizes products sent directly from the manufacturer to the consumer |
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Term
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Definition
| comes from plant and animal sources and have been used for thousands of years |
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Term
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Definition
| previously known as "man-made" fibers, which are basically chemical products and whose development and utilization are new |
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Term
| rayon (cellulosic from wood pulp), polyester, lyocell, nylon, aramides, acrylics, olefin, glass (all petroleum based) |
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Definition
| Which generic fiber families fall into the manufactured fibers category? |
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Term
| cotton, wool and silk (protein based), flax (cellulosic) |
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Definition
| Which generic fiber families fall into the natural fibers category? |
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Term
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Definition
| comfortable to wear, natural, cellulosic fiber, absorbs water and breathes, slow to dry |
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Term
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Definition
| similar to cotton- both are natural and cellulosic, made from the flax plant |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein fiber, weaker than cotton or linen, especially when wet, absorbs moisture, Wool Products Labeling Act permits the word "wool" to be used for fibers from sheep |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein fibers, very long filament, absorbs moisture, perspiration can deteriorate fabric and discolor dyes, requires delicate handling in cleaning |
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Term
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Definition
| cellulosic fiber made from wood pulp, the first manufactured fiber in 1911, first known as "artificial silk", stretches and shrinks more than cotton, highly absorband and dries easily |
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Term
| polyester, nylon, and acrylic |
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Definition
| very resilient, very hight heat can "melt" the fabric- thermoplastic, does not absorb water- hydrophobic, dries quickly- oleophilic |
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Term
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Definition
| very high heat can "melt" the fabric |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| newer fiber creations, generic fibers, they ARE given brand names |
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Term
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Definition
| the smallest unit, while yarn is an assembly of fibers twisted or helf together in a continuous strand |
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Term
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Definition
| the interlacing of two sets of yarns, vertical and howizontal |
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Term
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Definition
| the interloping of either vertical of horizontal sets of yarns |
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Term
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Definition
| the dye is introduced into the chemical "dope" from which the fiber is made |
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Term
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Definition
| dyeing the fiber before making into a fabric |
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Term
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Definition
| the yarn is first spun, and then put on cones, then dyes on the cone prior to the fabric production process |
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Term
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Definition
| a piece of fabric dyed at once |
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Term
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Definition
| the dyeing process is done after the entire garment is made, able to tell if the tag is also the same color as garment |
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Term
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Definition
| undyed, unfinished fabric that is later dyed in the piece and subjected to a variety of finishing processes |
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Term
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Definition
| filaments of less than one denier- two or three times thinner than a human hair; produces lightweight, soft fabrics |
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Term
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Definition
| In what year was cotton the largest fiber used at 69%? |
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Term
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Definition
| In what year did manufactured fibers become the largest used gibers at 64%? |
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Term
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Definition
| In what year did the percentage of manufactured fabrics used rise to 71.6%? |
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Term
| The textile productions by factory methods first began in Englans and later were adopted by America. America also adopted most of Europe's fashion materials: silks from Italy, China, and France; woolens, calico, and cashmere from England; and feathers and artificial flowers from France |
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Definition
| How did the Industrial Revolution begin in the U.S.? |
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Term
| The first cotton spinning mill was buil in 1790 by Samuel Slater. Slater's spinning machine not only was the first successful spinning or yarn-making plant in this country but was also considered to have started the Industrial Revolution. In 1973, Eli Whitney introduced his cotton gin, a machine that pulled fibers from seeds and helped to make a bountiful sulpply of cotton. In 1814, Francis Cabot Lowell developed the power loom. |
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Definition
| What inventions and political happenings contributed to the growth of the industrial revolution? |
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Term
| North and South Carolina, and Georgia |
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Definition
| In what states is the textile industry primarily located today? |
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Term
| vertically-integrated firm |
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Definition
| a firm that engages in all processes of production and distribution- spinning, weaving, knitting, finishing, and selling; allows a company to control its goods through as many processes as are potentially profitable |
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Term
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Definition
| person who orders the unfinished goods to finishing plants for processing |
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Term
| independently-owned converters |
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Definition
| person who has contracted relationships with the mills from which it purchases griege goods, the finishing plant it uses, or both |
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Term
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Definition
| independently owned, but without contractual agreements |
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Term
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Definition
| a division of a vertical textile firm; part of a large producer |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the first decision made by a textile company? |
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Term
| Color Association of the United States (CAUS) |
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Definition
| a major force in guiding industry color decisions and has been issuing color projections for textiles and apparel for nearly 30 years and has been forecasting home furnishing and appliance colors for nearly 35 years, it is a nonprofit service organization whose board of directors consists of top industry executives, each from a different industry, and all of whom demote their time |
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Term
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Definition
| How many new seasonal lines of textile fabrics is it customary for a company to present each year? |
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Term
| they are shown from six to nine months in advance |
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Definition
| When are seasonal lines shown in relation to retail market weeks and the arrival of apparel in retail? |
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Term
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Definition
| a presentation by the textile company's merchandising staff to its key accounts- the decision makers |
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Term
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Definition
| appointments are made six to eight weeks in advance of these customers' market weeks (selling periods), and presentations are made to apparel designers, stylists, and even the apparel companies' marketing staffs |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of transmitting computer data from one company to another into an electronic mailbox (e-mail) that unscrambles the data and makes it usable by the recipient and vice versa |
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Term
| computer aided design (CAD) |
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Definition
| provides the capability to experiments with weave, color, and yarns directly on a computer moniter |
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Term
| computer aided manufacturing (cam) |
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Definition
| used to guarantee that the colors on the CAD ptintout of the design are identical to those used in weaving an actual sample fabric or blanket |
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Term
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Definition
| the high-speed shuttleless looms has increased productivity dramatically, with each new shuttleless loom capable of weaving more than twice as many yards per hour as the old shuttle loom |
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Term
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Definition
| weave a broad assortment of fabrics from basic poplins and twills to a variety of fibers and blend levels |
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Term
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Definition
| more versatile and less productive than the others, they can take all types of colored yarns for many end-market uses |
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Term
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Definition
| the most productive and widely used shuttleless looms; cannot weave multicolor or decoration weaves |
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Term
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Definition
| produce most synthetic silk-like fabrics for blouses, are characterized by good productivity and fine quality, but they lack flexibility |
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Term
| many European companies will not but products from firms that are not ISO9000 certified |
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Definition
| Why would a company want to be ISO9000 certified? |
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Definition
| comes from animale whose skin weighs more than 25 pounds, such as cattle, horses, and buffalo |
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Term
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Definition
| designates still smaller skin, from such animals as calves, pigs, sheep and goats |
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Term
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Definition
| skins weighing between 15 and 25 pounds |
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Term
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Definition
| the skin of a fur bearing animal |
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