Term
| When ovulated, the egg comes out of which side of the follicle? |
|
Definition
| opposite side it was attached to |
|
|
Term
| Proestrus is characterized by an increase in which hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is P4 high and E2 low in the estrous cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Ovulation occurs at the beginning of metestus(in general).
true or false? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Louisiana, what is the range for estrus in cows? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the length of a cycle in humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cycle length in the mouse and rat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do mice and rats have short cycle lengths? |
|
Definition
| They don't form a CL unless they mate, this increases the rate of pregnancy because they have excluded the luteal tissue. |
|
|
Term
| What are the uterine phases in humans? |
|
Definition
Menstrual flow- lining of uterus is shed
Proliferative phase- follicular growth and growth of lining is stimulated by E2
Secretory phase- P4 and E2 thicken the lining of the uterus so embryo can implant |
|
|
Term
In humans, the CL secretes estrogen.
true or false? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Estrogen causes the LH peak, but what causes the production of estrogen? |
|
Definition
| the follicle as it gets bigger |
|
|
Term
| What are the sex steroids in females? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can you extend the length of the cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the male sex steroid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 protein hormones involved in repro? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates the growth of the follicle |
|
|
Term
| When does ovulation occur in humans (ave.)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is menarch? And what is the average age when this happens? |
|
Definition
Age when young females start to cycle.
12.7 years |
|
|
Term
| What is the mean age of menopause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the cow, the embryo develops on the opposite side of the CL.
true or false? |
|
Definition
| false, the embryo develops on the same side as the CL |
|
|
Term
| What must the embryo produce so that the mother doesn't abort it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does luteolytic factor do and where does it come from? |
|
Definition
| It causes the regression of the CL and comes from the uterus |
|
|
Term
| If a cow isn't pregnant, what hormone will she produce to cause regression of the CL? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens during the Counter-Current Mechanism? |
|
Definition
| PGF2alpha is released from the uterine horn →goes into vascular system → uterine vein → ovarian artery → ovary → cause luteal regression |
|
|
Term
| In 1972, prostaglandins were made from __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If pregnant, counter-current mechanism will happen unless the baby produces the antiluteolytic factor to stop the regression of the CL. In essence, what is this called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which farm animal has the most developed counter-current mechanism and which has the least developed? |
|
Definition
Most developed- cow and sheep
Least developed- horse |
|
|
Term
| What hormone could you inject a cow with to cause luteal regression? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What must you do before injecting a cow with PGF2alpha? |
|
Definition
| Make sure she isn't pregnant! She'll abort if she is. |
|
|
Term
| On which days will injecting with PGF2alpha not work? Why? |
|
Definition
Won't work on days 1-5 , because CL isn't functioning on these days
Won't work on days 16-20, because CL is already regressing on its own |
|
|
Term
| If this is given to a pregnant pig on day 110 of gestation it will cause parturition. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PGF2alpha is derived from this fatty acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many carbons does PGF2alpha have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the oxytocin produced that causes luteal regression? |
|
Definition
| Produced in the large lutean cells of the CL |
|
|
Term
| If given an oxytocin blocking agent, what will happen? |
|
Definition
| The cycle will last longer |
|
|
Term
| How does the CL cause its own demise? |
|
Definition
| It produces oxytocin which binds to the receptor on the endometrium. Arachidonic acid is converted to PGF2alpha by PG Synthetase. PGF2alpha leaves the endometrium and causes the CL to regress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Endometrial Prostaglandin Synthetase Inhibitor
Antiluteolytic Factor |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for bTP(bovine trophoblastic protein-1)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does EPSI come from? |
|
Definition
| It's produced by the placenta |
|
|
Term
| How does Interferon Tau block the regression of the CL? |
|
Definition
| bTP-1 is released from the embryo which binds to the receptor on the endometrial wall. This causes the release of EPSI which then inhibits the conversion of arachidonic acid to PGF2alpha |
|
|
Term
| In the mare, the embryo enters the uterus through the UTJ and then rolls around the uterus and produces a substance like bTP-1 but is called P-19. What is this movement called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Even though oxytocin enhances the birth process, you don't want to inject a pig with it until the first piglet is born. If you do, this will cause the cervix to close and blow out a uterine horn.
true or false? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many embryos must a pig have to keep a pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which piglets will be the biggest? |
|
Definition
| The first and last piglet |
|
|
Term
| A follicle that is mature is called a ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| From which layers of the follicle are the steroid hormones produced? |
|
Definition
Theca interna
Granulosa layer |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the fluid inside the follicle? (English and Latin name) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are majority of the hormones regulated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do LH and FSH produce the steroid hormones? |
|
Definition
| LH hooks to LH receptors, causes enzymatic pathways to change progesterone to testosterone. FSH then causes testosterone to change to estradiol which goes out into circulation. |
|
|
Term
| If gave an agent to block FSH receptors, what will increase in the bloodstream? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does FSH convert testosterone to estradiol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does LH convert progesterone to testosterone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the progression from cholesterol to estradiol? |
|
Definition
| Cholesterol→ Pregnenolone→ Progesterone→ Testosterone→ Estradiol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What plant hormone has a similar structure to estradiol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the adenohypophysis? |
|
Definition
| anterior lobe or pars distalis |
|
|
Term
| What are the other two names for the posterior pituitary? |
|
Definition
| Neurohypophysis or pars nervosa |
|
|
Term
The posterior pituitary develops from Rathke's Pouch.
true or false? |
|
Definition
| false, the anterior pituitary develops from Rathke's Pouch |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the depression in the sphenoid bone that protects the posterior and anterior lobes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two peptide hormones released from the posterior pituitary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This hormone is involved in the synthesis of milk |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism for milk let-down? |
|
Definition
| Oxytocin released from posterior pituitary causes the epithelial cells of the alveoli to contract in the mammary gland |
|
|
Term
Peptide hormones are larger than protein hormones.
true or false? |
|
Definition
| false, peptide hormones are smaller than protein hormones |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the system of veins that are involved in the Neuroendocrine Arc? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bypassing blood is taken away by the __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormone(peptide) causes an increase in thyroid function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which peptide hormone can increase peak LH and cause cow to ovulate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Regulates water volume of the blood |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for Growth Hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone could you inject a cow with to increase milk production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes the release of FSH and LH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Oxytocin and ADH aren't made in the posterior pituitary, they are stored here.
true or false? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GnRH, TRH, CRH, STH-RH, PIH, PRH, and Somatostatin are all peptide hormones produced by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The anterior pituitary mainly produces which type of hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do human pregnancy tests measure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
eCG?
What's the old name? |
|
Definition
equine chorionic gonadotropin
PMSG- Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin |
|
|
Term
| This potent substance, as a mare goes into later trimester, will disappear from the bloodstream. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This small protein inhibits the output of FSH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This hormone causes a female to prepare for parturition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the brain stimulus go in the Neuroendocrine Arc? |
|
Definition
| the supraoptic nuclei cell and the paraventricular nuclei cell |
|
|
Term
| This center has rapid high intense impulses and is related to the LH peak |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This center sends out little impulses over longer periods of time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can stress do to a cow right before she ovulates? |
|
Definition
| Will cause a decrese in GnRH therefore will cause a lower LH peak |
|
|
Term
| An increase in the concentration of hormones can do what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Steroid hormones are lipid soluble, therefore they can go in and out of cells.
true or false? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does hormone concentration have a proportional effect on negative feedback? |
|
Definition
| Yes, increase the hormone concetration, increase feedback |
|
|
Term
| This surge causes the female to come into estrus and also causes the LH peak. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the E2 surge come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (cow) Estrogen surge to estrus= ___ hours |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (cow) E2 surge to LH peak= ___ hours |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (cow) Onset of estrus to LH peak= ___ hours |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (cow) LH peak to ovulation= ___ hours |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| E2 has small peaks during ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (humans) LH peak to ovulation= ___ hours |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cats are what type of ovulators? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A male cat has a penis that protrudes to the rear with these on it that can lock it into place near the cervix. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Other than cats, what other animals are induced ovulators? |
|
Definition
|
|
