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FAR
Module 6
62
Accounting
Professional
07/19/2012

Additional Accounting Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
4 types of Accounting changes 
Definition
  1. accounting principal change (retrospective unless impractical)
  2. accounting estimate change (prospective)
  3. change in reporting entity (retrospective)
  4. prior year FS error (corrections/restatement)
Term
retrospective accounting change approach
Definition
  • application of principle to prior periods as if it had been used all along
  • records effect of change on prior years as an adjustment to beginning balance in RE for year of change, rather than income
  • prior year FS are adjusted
Term
3 steps for implementing retrospective application for principle changes
Definition
  1. cumulative effect of the change on periods before those presented is reflected in the carrying amounts of affected A/L as of beginning of the earliest period of presentation, along with an offsetting adjustment to the opening balance of RE
  2. FS for prior periods are recast to reflect period-specific effects of applying the new principle
  3. through a JE, beginning balance of RE in yr of change is adjusted to reflect use of the new principle
Term
direct effects 
Definition
those recognized changes in A/L accounts needed to reflect the change
Term
indirect effects
Definition
  • changes in current or future cash flows resulting from making a change in accounting principle applied retrospectively
  • not recognized in the period of change
  • FS not adjusted (prior period), but disclosure includes effects
Term
journal entry for principle change
Definition

D- Inventory

C-Cumulative effect of accouting change

C- deferred income tax liability

Term
3 reasons for impractical exception to retrospective application of accounting principle
Definition
  1. effort was made to apply principle to prior periods and it isnt working
  2. assumptions are required and can't be substantiated OR
  3. RA would require estimates of amounts but info needed is unavailable
Term
4 characteristics of accounting estimate changes
Definition
  1. drived from new information
  2. change that causes carrying amount of an sset or liability to change, or that changes the subsequent accounting for an A or L
  3. most frequent type of accounting change
  4. examples: changes in method of depreciation/amortization/depletion
Term
4 rules for prospective application for accounting estimate changes
Definition
  1. no "cumulative effect" account
  2. if affecting only current period, the new estimate is used and usual accounting procedure applies
  3. if affecting current and future periods, BV of relevant account at beginning of current period is used as basis for applying new estimate
  4. for changes in method for dep, amort, or depletion:BV at beginning of current period is used as basis for expense recognition over remaining useful life along with new estimates of salvage value and useful life if necessary. apply at start of period.
Term
2 disclosures required for accounting estimate changes
Definition
  1. effect of income from continuing operations, NI, and per/share amounts for changes affecting now and later
  2. if just affecting now, above only required if material
Term
2 types of accounting errors that are corrections in errors in prior period FS
Definition
  1. change from inappropriate to appropriate method
  2. change in estimates which reflect negligence or bad faith
Term
restatement of prior FS
Definition
uses same steps as 3 steps for retrospective
Term
4 types of disclosure for error corrections
Definition
  1. statement that previous FS were restated and nature of error
  2. effect on each FS line item and per/share accounts
  3. total cumulative effect on RE
  4. pre/post tax efects on NI
Term
2 IFRS differences for accounting errors
Definition
  1. doesn't address indirect effects of an accounting principle change
  2. impracticability exception- for accounting principle changes AND ERRORS
Term
asset retirement
Definition
  • capitalize future asset retirement costs in underlying asset account and in ARO liability when they become estimable
  • ex: dismantling, removal, site reclamation, nuclear decomissioning and closing mines
Term
scope and measurement for asset retirement
Definition
  • FV used to measure ARO and is PV of all future payments expected to retire an asset
  • if PV technique is used, then it is discounted using credit-adjusted risk-free rate
  • applies to all legal obligations associated with retirement of a tangible NC asset but doesn't apply to environmental remediation liabilities for impropper asset use
Term
2 rules for subsequent recognition of asset retirement costs
Definition
  1. total depreciation or depletion expense over Asset's life is increased
  2. ARO increases each year due to passage of time, causing a firm to recognize "Accretion expense"= IR used in capitalizing X Beginning balance in ARO
Term
2 ways to combine a business
Definition
  1. acquisition of a group of net assets
  2. acquisition of equity interest that obtains control directly or indirectly
Term
3 forms of business combinations
Definition
  1. merger
  2. acquisition
  3. consolidation
Term
IFRS differences for business combos
Definition

"control" has a different meaning...

  • power to govern financial and operation policies understatute of agreement
  • power to appoint and remov majority of BOD members
  • power to cast majority of votes at BOD meeting
Term
Merger
Definition
  • 1 pre-existing entity acquires either a group of assets that constitutes a business or controlling equity interest of another pre-existing entity that collapses the acquired assets or entity into an acquiring entity
  • only acquirer survives
Term
Consolidation
Definition
  • new entity consolidates the net assets or equity interests of 2 or more preexisting entities
  • AB become C, only C remains
Term
Acquisition
Definition
  • 1 preexisting entity acquires controlling equity interest of another, but both continue to operate as separate legal entities
  • both entities survive
Term
accounting for mergers and consolidations
Definition
  • (treated alike because only one entity remains)
  1. Acquirer records the group of assets or the A/L of the acquiree onto its books
  2. Merger or consolidation determines kind of A/L accounts used
  3. No need for consolidated FSs
Term
accounting for acquisitions
Definition
  1. acquiree records its stalk ownership as LT-investment (doesn't record A/L of acquiree).          D- investment in sub C- consideration given
  2. consolidated FS must be filed

 

Term
5 situations in which acquisition method is not required
Definition
  1. formation of a joint-venture
  2. acquisition of assets that don't constitute a business
  3. combo between entities under common control
  4. not-4-profit combos 
  5. for-profit acquisition by a not-4-profit entity

*IFRS has no scope exception for not-4-profit combos/acquisitions.

Term
5 steps to acquisition method
Definition
  1. determine the acquirer
  2. determine the acquisition date and measurement period
  3. determine the cost of an acquired business
  4. recognizing/measuring asset, liabilities, and noncontrolling interest
  5. Recognizing/measuring goodwill or bargain purchase
Term
  1. determine the acquirer
Definition

if new entity is formed to effect a business combo: 

  • it is acquirer if it transfers cash and assets or incurs liabilities to effect it
  • if it only issues equity, an existing entity must br acquirer
Term
  1. determine the acquisition date and measurement period
Definition
  • measurement period- period after acquisition date that acquirer can still adjust provisional amounts
    • adjustments reflected in comparative info for prior period FS
    • never > 1 year
  • acquisition date- can be before, on, or after closing date
Term
  1.    
  2.   
  3. determine the cost of an acquired business

*obtaining control by transferring consideration

Definition
  • generally measured at FV
  • if A or L transferred have a CV that doesn't = FV. the A or L must ne adjusted to FV at acquisition date and G/L must be recognized
    • exception- when A or L remain under acquirer's control
Term
  1.  
  2. determine the cost of an acquired business

*obtaining control by transferring consideration: contingent consideration

Definition
  • consideration transferred by acquirer may include a contingent element which is either...
    1. obligation of the acquirer to transfer additional assets or equity interests to former owner of acquired business as part of consideration if future events occur
    2. a right of acquirer to a return of previously transferred consideration if future conditions met
  • recognized at acquisition at FV (either L or equity account if obligation to pay; A if right to return or previously transferred consideration)
  • FV changes accounted for subsequently as measurement period adjustments and adjustments to cost of acquired business
    • if as a result of event occuring after acquisition date:
      • classified as equity: not remeasured, subsequent settlement accounted for as equity adjustment
      • classified as A or L: remeassured to FV @ each BS date w/ changes recognized in current income
Term
  1.  
  2. determine the cost of an acquired business

*obtaining control by transferring consideration: acquirer's share-based payment award as cost elements

Definition
  • acquirer is obligated to exchange awards- 
    • portion that relates to pre-combo services baased on conditions of acquiree's awards will be part of consideration transferred in the business combo
    • portion that is Post-combo services will be treated as compensation expense
  • acquirer is not obligated to exchange awards, but does
    • all value of the awards will be treated as compensation expense in future
Term
  1.  
  2. determine the cost of an acquired business

*obtaining control with out transferring consideration: 

Definition
  1. one company is acquirer and one is acquiree
  2. equity interests in the acquiree held by parties other than acquirer are NCI
Term
acquisition costs for acquisition
Definition
  • expensed in period incurred and services rendered (not included in cost of acquiring business)
    • 2 Exceptions:
    • debt issue costs- recognized as deferred asset and amotized over debt life or expensed when incurred
    • equity issuance costs- reduce proceeds from securities issued and reduce APIC

 

Term
The acquisition date of a business combination is generally which one of the following?
Definition
The closing date.
Term
2 IFRS differences fo determining cost of acquired business
Definition
  1. contingent Ls remeasured each period at FV or best estimate of expenditures
  2. total award for share-based compensation multiplied by > of (a) vesting period completed/total vesting period, or (b) vesting period completed/original vesting period
Term
  1.  
  2.  
  3. recognizing/measuring asset, liabilities, and noncontrolling interest

*recognition

Definition
  • at acquisition date, acquirer must recognize (distinct from goodwill if any) the identifiable assets required and liabilities assumed and any NCI in acquiree
  • acquirer can recognize A/L not previously recognized by aquiree (like trademark)
  • intangible assets (not includeing GW) are identifiable and would be recognized by acquirer if
    • it is capable of being separated from acquiree OR
    • it arises from contractual or other rights
  • GW on books on acquiree is not recognized
Term
  1.  
  2.  
  3. recognizing/measuring asset, liabilities, and noncontrolling interest

*exceptions to measurement at FV

Definition
  • marketable securities: quoted prices
  • receivable: PV of amt to be received
  • finished goods and merchandise inventories: estimated selling $ - cost of dispoal & reasonable profit
  • inventory of raw materials: RC
  • P&E held for use- RC
  • P&E held for disposal: FV-cost of disposal
  • notes/accounts payable: PV of amts to be paid
  • contingencies: FV is relating to existing K. if doesn't relate to existing K, then FV only if more likely than not to give rise to A or L
  • indemnification provision: establishes seller's guarantee that limits acquirer's L for outcome of uncertainty. recognized as an Asset.
  • reaquisition rights: acquiree is granted right to use an asset. if acquirer reaquirers right at acquisition, recognized as intangible asset and amortized over remaining K term
Term
FV of previously held equity
Definition
  • difference in FV of acquirer's pre-combo equity interest in the acquiree and the CV of that interest is recognized as a G/L in income of period of combo
    • if acquirer had accounted for it's precombination equity ownership using equity method, the carrying amount of the investment using that method would be used in deteremining G/L
    • FV of equity owned prior to combo-date becomes part of cost of investment in acquiree
Term
FV of NCI
Definition

must be calculated and reported

  1. if MV for equity shares shares is available, use it
  2. if not, use some other technique
Term
IFRS differences for rcognizing and measuring A,L, and NCI
Definition
  1. not much guidance given for FV, just a definition
  2. contingent assets are not recognized
  3. contingent L recognized if they are a present obligation from a past event and FV can be measured reliably
  4. for NCI, IFRS gives 2 options: (a) full FV of aquiree or (b) proportionate share of FV of net identifiable assets (excluding GW attributable to NCI)
Term
  1.  
  2.  
  3.  
  4. Recognizing/measuring goodwill or bargain purchase

*amount of gain

Definition
determined using (a) investment value of the acquired business and (b) FV of net identificable assets
Term
  1.  
  2.  
  3.  
  4. Recognizing/measuring goodwill or bargain purchase

*"invesment value"

Definition

a.k.a. cost or consideration given

  • FV of assets transferres, L assumed, equity issued, contingent consideration, required shar-based payment award to employees for pre-combo service, pre-combo equity in acquiree, and FV of NCI
Term
  1.  
  2.  
  3.  
  4. Recognizing/measuring goodwill or bargain purchase

*goodwill

Definition
  • investment > FV of net assets
  • post-combo: not amortized, assessed at least annually for impairment
Term
  1.  
  2.  
  3.  
  4. Recognizing/measuring goodwill or bargain purchase

*bargain purchase

Definition
  • investment < FV of Net Assets
  • if this happens, before recognizing a gain, the acquirer reasses measurements of A and L
  • if still holds, it is a bargain purchase and amount of BP is a gain in earnings
Term
  1.  
  2.  
  3.  
  4. Recognizing/measuring goodwill or bargain purchase

*2 special situations

Definition
  1. combo carried out solely through exchange of equity, FV of acquiree's equity interest at acquisition may be more reliable, so use it to determine GW or BP
  2. no consideration is transfered in business combo, GW and BP should be detemrined using a valuation technique
Term
testing for GW impairment under IFRS/GAAP
Definition
  1. IFRS-GW is tested for impairmtnet using 1 step: CV-recoverable amount of investee unit. if CV>RA, GW is impaired.
  2. GAAP- GW tested for impairment with 2-step approach
    1. determine if impaired- compare FV of investee unit w/ CV (including GW) of investee unit. FV<CV=impaired.
    2. measure impairment amount- compare investment value w/ FV of NIA to find GW. asjust as needed and recognize a loss in operating income
Term
13 Acquisition method disclosure requirements
Definition
  1. name/description of acquiree, date, % of voting equity interest acquired
  2. primary reason for it and description of how control was obtained
  3. #s for GW make-up
  4. FV of consideration given
  5. descriptions of indemnifications and contingent considerations
  6. amount recognized at acquisition date
  7. GW expected to be deductible for tax and why
  8. GW assigned to each segment
  9. acquirer/aquiree transaction info
  10. for BP, amount of gain and where in FS
  11. B-Combos in which acquirer owns < 100% of equity info
  12. initial accounting for A/L
  13. recent CV of GW @ beginning to end of period
Term
A/L arising from contingencied
Definition
  • accounted for based on subsequent information
  • FV until new info is found
  • when new info is found: 
    • if L, reported at > of acquisition date FV or amount under FASB#5
    • if A, reported at < of acquisition date FV or best estimate of settlement amount
  • derecognized when settled or expired

 

Term
indemnification assets
Definition
  • same basis as the A/L indemnified
  • derecognized upon settle/expiring
Term
IFRS Differences
Definition
  • pro rata disclosure
    • revenue and profit or loss of acquiree since combo
    • revene and profit or loss of combined entity since combo
  • acquired contingencies-
    • major assumptions made about future events must be disclosed
  • Goodwill-
    • not needed to be disclosed unless the entity generates cash
Term
recording entry for Merger or Consolidation
Definition

D- Assets acquired (FV)

C- Liabilities (FV)

C- Consideration paid (FV)

Term
Entry for Acquisition
Definition

D- Investment in Sub (same as C amount)

C- Consideration paid (FV)

Term
4 rules for income determination for business combos
Definition
  1. only acuirer's income/loss to date of combo enters into determination of consolidated NI as of that date
  2. acquiree's operating results closed to its RE at combo date
  3. acquiree's RE @ combo date is part of equity "paid for" by acquirer
  4. acquirer share of acquiree income is included
Term
Variable interest entity
Definition
  • each entity considered for consolidation must be checked to determine if its a VIE and if is is, which other entity is it's primary beneficiary
  • legal entity which by design either (a) can't finance its activities w/ out extra financial support or (2) its equity holders do not have direct or indirect ability to make decisions
Term
primary beneficiary of VIE
Definition
  • has decision power and obsorbs losses/benefits of VIE
  • must consolidate FS
  • must reassess continuously
Term
consolidated FS
Definition
majority owned (>50%): subsidiary must be consolidated with parent unless parent lacks power (report as "investment"
Term
IFRS differences for eligibility for consolidation
Definition
  1. Special-purpose entity- covered instead of VIE but uses same general guidelines. can be controlled with <50% ownership.
  2. Voting control determination- includes potential voting rights in assessment of ownsership level
  3. Consolidation Exception- entity doen't have to consolidate if (1) parent is a wholly owned or partially ownded subsidiary of another parent (2) parents debt or equity instruments are not traded in public, and (3) parents didn't file FSs with SEC to issue securities to public and (4)ultimate parent of parent produces consolidated FS
Term
3 methods for recognizing subsidiary on parent's books
Definition
  1. cost
  2. equity
  3. other method of choice

*all result in same amounts in end

 

Term
consolidated FSs
Definition
  • only necessary if firm owns 50-100% of sub
  • economic substance takes precedence over form
Term
5 basic steps in process of consolidating statements
Definition
  1. record trial balances
  2. record ajusting entries
  3. record elimination entries
  4. complete consolidation worksheet
  5. prepare consolidated FSs from worksheet
Term
levels of ownership
Definition

0-20%: not significant

20-50%: significant

50-100%: control

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