Term
|
Definition
| The generation of adults who simultaneously try to meet the competing needs of their parents and their children. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A marriage that is inherently rewarding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
similar to a vital
marriage, but more encompassing.
Partners participate in each other’s
lives at all levels and have few areas
of tension or hostility. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A marriage based on convience |
|
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Term
|
Definition
the partners’ lives are
closely intertwined. They spend a
great deal of time together, resolve
conflicts through comprise, and often
make sacrifices. They consider sex
pleasurable and necessary. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
made up of married parents and their biological or adopted children
Extended families: consists of parents and children as well as other kin, such as uncles and aunts, nieces, nephews, cousins, grandparents etc |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| consists of parents and children as well as other kin, such as uncles and aunts, nieces, nephews, cousins, grandparents etc |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the family in which one grows up, usually consisting of parents and siblings |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| pattern of relationships that define people's relationships to one another within a family |
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Term
|
Definition
accepted as part of the family even with no blood ties
More important with rise of single parents
Common among African American and Latino communities |
|
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Term
|
Definition
posits that we
learn by observing the actions of others, so
if people have experienced abuse between
their parents growing up they are more
likely to be in abusive relationships when
they are adults. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| states that children learn from their culture a concept of what it means to be male/female and adjust their behavior accordingly |
|
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Term
| cognitive development theory |
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Definition
| argues that children acquire female or male values on their own by thinking |
|
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Term
|
Definition
an intimate relationship
is satisfying and stable if both partners
see it as equitable and mutually
beneficial. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
, we sift
eligible people according to specific
criteria and thus narrow the pool of
potential partners to a small number of
candidates. |
|
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Term
| structural-functionalist theory |
|
Definition
Focus on the big picture- role of family in society
All about what will be best for society and molding children for that |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Views the family as a functioning unit that solves problems, makes decisions, and achieves collective goals
Smaller units in the overall unit
Each individual effects the others in the family unit |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Theory which views the child as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment, from immediate settings of family and school to broad cultural values, laws, customs, and resources. |
|
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Term
| Symbolic Interaction theory |
|
Definition
Examines how our ideas, beliefs, and attitudes shape our daily lives, as well as those of our families
What different symbolic actions and reactions mean |
|
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Term
| Family Life Course Development theory |
|
Definition
Families travel horizontally through time encountering organizational and emotional tasks at specific life stages
Stages are marked by the age of the oldest child |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Examine how gender roles shape relations between the sexes in institutions
Focus on:
How specific behaviors are defined as male or female
How work is divided in to men’s or women’s work
How institutions give advantages to males (higher salaries etc) |
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Term
|
Definition
| People seek through their interactions with others to maximize their rewards and to minimize their costs |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Examines the ways in which groups disagree, struggle for power, and compete for scarce resources |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Our primary motivation in life is to be connected with other people
Provides security |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A negative attitude toward an entire category of people, such as racial or ethnic minority. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Many of us think that our sexual behavior is
spontaneous, when in general, we have
internalized sexual scripts.
Gender and Sexual Scripts
– Women are more assertive now than in past
generations when it comes to sex.
– Men tend to be aggressive as a result of society
expecting them to assert their masculinity in a
number of ways, but especially in relationships
with the opposite sex.
– Race, ethnicity, and sexual scripts—race and
ethnicity also play a part in our sexual scripts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Our sexual identity is our awareness of
ourselves as male or female and the
ways in which we express our sexual
values, attitudes, feelings, and beliefs.
Sexual identity is a category created by
society. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the characteristics, attitudes, feelings and behaviors that society expects of females and males |
|
|
Term
| stages of human sexual response |
|
Definition
1. Excitement
2. Plateau
3. Orgasm
4. Resolution |
|
|
Term
| Why are theories and research on marriage and the family important in our everyday lives |
|
Definition
-What we don’t know can hurt us
-Theories and research help us understand our families and ourselves
-Theories and research improve our ability to think more critically and make
-Informed decisions in our own families |
|
|
Term
| myths about American families |
|
Definition
-What is natural (is it “natural to grow up and get married and have a family)
-Self-sufficient family (most families need some support at some point)
-Family as a loving refuge (actually one of the most violent social systems)
-Perfect marriage or perfect family |
|
|
Term
| phases of domestic violence |
|
Definition
–Phase 1—the tension-building phase:
The woman tries to reduce her partner’s
anger by catering to him or consoling
him in some way. At the same time, she
believes her partner’s abuse is justified
in some way.
-Phase 2—the acute battering incident:
This is when the actual physical or other
abuse occurs. Some women anticipate
this phase and actually trigger the violent
incident to get it over with.
–Phase 3—the calm or “honeymoon”
phase: The abuser is calm and
promises never to abuse again. As the
cycle progresses over time, the first two
phases get longer and the third phase
can be left out altogether. |
|
|
Term
| characteristics common to batterers |
|
Definition
Walker theorized the cycle of violence results in learned
helplessness—the woman becomes depressed,
loses her self-esteem, and feels incapable of seeking
help for herself.
Some women stay out of hope that the abuser will
change. It is hope that keeps many women tied to
abusive men.
The women may have low self-esteem and feel
incapable of helping herself and even her children.
However, some women find the courage to leave when
the violence spills over into the lives of their children. |
|
|
Term
| parenting styles and discipline |
|
Definition
A parenting style is a general approach to
interacting with and disciplining children.
Psychologists have identified 4 parenting
styles:
– Authoritarian
– Permissive
– Authoritative
– Uninvolved |
|
|
Term
| five functions of the family |
|
Definition
Regulation of sexual activity
Doesn’t mean husbands and wives need to engage in sexual activity but it does mean just with each other
Establishes sexual norms (who can have sex with who)
Incest taboo: cultural norms that forbid sex between close relatives
Procreation and Socialization
Creating children and properly socializing them
Economic Security
Food, shelter, clothing and things to ensure survival
Emotional support
Social class placement |
|
|
Term
| U-shaped curve of marriage |
|
Definition
| the most common pathway of marital happiness in the West, in which satisfaction is highest at the honeymoon, declines during the child-rearing years, then rises after the children grow up |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Love
-Companionship
-Desire to have kids
-Happiness
-Money
-Convenience
-Dependence
-Fear of contracting AIDS
-Compatibility
-The principle of legitimacy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most married couples report being happy
with their sex lives.
– Overall, the frequency of sexual intimacy may
decrease over time, but other expressions of
sexual desire make up for a lack of
intercourse for most couples. Even if the
frequency of sex decreases, the couples, the
longer they are married, report that their
satisfaction with their sex life increases.
– For couples in their mid-lives, too, this is a
busy time for careers and possibly children,
so there is less |
|
|
Term
| sexual activity as we age |
|
Definition
As we mature, our sexual interests,
desires, and abilities change—for most
couples who are married this is a good
thing.
While couples in their mid-lives may report
less sex, they report that other things in
their lives are more important. It’s not
their priority anymore.
Good health, close times with friends and
family, financial security, spiritual wellbeing,
and a good relationship with a
partner are all rated as being more
important. |
|
|
Term
| ingredients for happy marriages |
|
Definition
| flexibility, positive attitude, compatibility, communication and conflict resolution, emotional support |
|
|
Term
| reasons for divorce: macro |
|
Definition
Divorce laws—all states have no-fault
divorce laws now, so that neither partner
needs to establish guilt or wrongdoing by
the other partner to obtain a divorce.
– Before no-fault divorces, one partner had to
prove that the other partner did something
seriously wrong to make the marriage not
work, such as cheating or being abusive.
– Couples now can give incompatibility as a
reason for divorce. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The emotional divorce begins long
before any legal steps are taken. One
or both partners may feel disillusioned
or unhappy in the marriage.
The couple may share the house and
the rearing of the children but may not
be emotionally sharing a life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
during this phase, the
partners may fantasize about what it
would be like to live alone, to let go of
family responsibility. They may fantasize
about new lovers and this may make
separation seem appealing. |
|
|
Term
| who is represented in poverty |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| poorly educated workers who work full-time but remain below the poverty line; they constitute about 20 percent of the U.S. population. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an unemployed person who gives up looking for work and is therefore no longer counted as part of the labor force |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The employment of workers with high skill levels in low-wage jobs that do not require such abilities, for example a trained medical doctor who works as a taxi driver. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The high proportions of high school and
college women who say that they expect to
marry, have children, and work are right on
target because many of them will have to
work to make ends meet.
The days when mothers stayed home and
raised children are disappearing.
More than one half of all American mothers
with a child younger than 1 year work.
They work longer during their pregnancy
and return more quickly to work. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– In this type of arrangement, one spouse,
typically the wife, participates in the
partner’s career behind the scenes
without pay or without direct recognition.
• The best example of this is the
president and the first lady. She is
expected to do numerous things
behind the scenes to protect and
support her husband. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A trailing spouse is the partner who gives up his
or her work and searches for another position
in the location where the spouse has taken a
job.
Only 10-15% of trailing spouses are men, the rest
are women.
The most obvious benefit of being a trailing
spouse is that the main provider can increase
his or her income and job opportunities.
There are also some drawbacks. Being the
trailing spouse can mean low pay and taking
on responsibility for household chores. |
|
|
Term
| macroeconomic changes affecting the family |
|
Definition
Low-wage jobs and nonstandard work
hours—there has been an explosion of lowwage
jobs in the U.S. The federal minimum
wage, which rose from $6.55 to $7.25 an
hour in 2009, increased the wages of less
than 4% of the workforce.
According to the Labor Department, five of
the ten occupations expected to add the
most jobs through 2016 are low paying, up
to a maximum of about $22,000 per year. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collect data about people by observing them in their natural surroundings, usually highly structured, two kinds – non-participant (researchers do not interact with their subjects), participant (researchers do interact with their subjects, more flexible than other methods, limitation: people act and react differently when they know they’re being observed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| systematically collect data though questionnaires and interviews, important to have a representative sample of the population, cost-effective, limitation (mailed questionnaires): often a low response rate, people may not be honest. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| studies individuals or small groups, relies on case studies, or in-depth interviews, limitations: time consuming, expensive, results are only generalizable for the person or group being studied. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– In the past, sociologists defined a stepfamily as
a household in which at least one of the
spouses had a biological child from a previous
marriage.
– However, the term is being defined more
broadly now—a stepfamily is a household in
which two adults who are biological or adoptive
parents with a child from a previous relationship
elect to marry or cohabitate.
– This definition includes nontraditional families,
so it is more broad than the old definition. |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of successful stepfamilies |
|
Definition
The structure of stepfamilies is complex.
A stepfamily must cope with unique tasks.
Stepfamilies often experience more stress
and conflict than nuclear families.
Stepfamily integration typically takes years
rather than months.
Important relationships may be cut off or end
abruptly and others may spring up
overnight.
There are continuous transitions and
adjustments rather than stability.
Stepfamilies are less cohesive than
nuclear or single-parent households.
Stepfamilies need great flexibility in their
everyday behavior.
Stepfamily members often have unrealistic
expectations.
There is no shared family history.
There may be many loyalty conflicts.
Stepfamily roles are often ambiguous. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Remarriage is so common that it has spawned
a huge industry of services, magazines, and
books.
– The U.S. remarriage rate is the highest in the
world.
– Nearly 85% of Americans who divorce
remarry. the median time between marriages
is short and millions of Americans have been
married more than three times!
Cohabitation, divorce, remarriage, and
stepfamilies have created a variety of
family structures, but remarried
couples and stepfamilies have some
common characteristics. |
|
|
Term
| Costs/benefits of immigration |
|
Definition
Costs:
use social services costing taxpayers billions
rewarding violations of the law
society becomes dependent on cheap labor
lower wages and take jobs or working and middle class citizens
May spur economic growth
May-introduce ambition and drive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history, or another cultural factor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Family provided schooling and vocational institution for children
Sexual relations no premarital sex
Bundling
many were pregnant when married
adultery illegal for women but not men
wives subordinate to husbands
children’s lives
infant mortality very high
puritans believed children were born bad
Social Classes
Merchant class
Artisan class
Laboring class
Northern colonies settled in villages while in the south they settled on plantations/farms |
|
|
Term
| Erikson's theories of child development (chapter 12) |
|
Definition
Erik Erikson is one of the few theorists whose
explanation of human development
encompassed the entire lifetime.
According to Erikson, there are 8 stages of
development and in each stage is a
challenge to development. |
|
|
Term
| Piaget theories of child development (chapter 12) |
|
Definition
Jean Piaget was interested in the growing
child’s efforts to understand his or her
own world. He proposed four major
developmental stages that children go
through in their quest to understand the
world and to become older thinkers. |
|
|
Term
| Mead's theories of child development (chapter 12) |
|
Definition
George Herbert Mead was a symbolic
interactionist. He saw the self as the
basis of humanity that develops not out
of biological urges but from social
interaction. |
|
|
Term
| latent functions of dating |
|
Definition
Socialization
Social status
Fulfillment of ego needs
Sexual experimentation and intimacy
Big business |
|
|
Term
| Manifest functions of dating |
|
Definition
Maturation
Fun and recreation
Companionship
Love and affection
Mate selection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| marrying someone dissimilar in race, age, education, religion, or social class |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
refers to dating or marrying
someone with similar backgrounds to
our own. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Love improves the quality of our lives—
love fosters self-esteem. From a solid
basis of love, children can then go out
and face the world with the emotional
support of their families.
Love is fun—love doesn’t appear out of
nowhere, to get and keep love, one
has be active and take some chances. |
|
|
Term
| Reiss Theories about love |
|
Definition
Sociologist Ira Reiss and his associates
have proposed a “wheel theory” of
love, that generated much research
for several decades. Reiss described
four stages of love: rapport; selfrevelation;
mutual dependence; and
personality need fulfillment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| researchers review material that has been collected by other researchers, accessible, convenient, inexpensive, limitation: hard to access |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
John Lee developed one the most
widely cited and studied theories of
love. According to Lee, there are six
basic styles of loving: eros, mania,
ludus, storge, agape, and pragma, all
of which overlap. |
|
|
Term
| Exchange Theories about love |
|
Definition
Social scientists often describe love as a
social exchange process. Romantic love
and long-term relationships involve
exchange and negotiation. |
|
|
Term
| attachment Theories about love |
|
Definition
This theory proposes that our primary
motivation in life is to be connected with
other people, because this is the only true
security we will ever have.
John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth are
researchers associated most often with this
theory.
Several studies have tracked attachment
style from toddlerhood through adulthood
and have found that attachment styles can
change over the life course, regardless of a
child’s early experiences. |
|
|
Term
| Sternberg Theories about love |
|
Definition
Sternberg said that love has three important
components:
– Intimacy—encompasses feelings of closeness,
connectedness, and bonding.
– Passion—leads to romance, physical attraction,
and sexual consummation.
– Decision/commitment—has a short- and longterm
dimension. A couple makes a short-term
commitment to love each other, which can turn
into a long-term commitment to stay in love.
• According to Sternberg, the mix of
intimacy, passion, and commitment can
vary from one relationship to another.
Love can vary from one relationship in which
there is no love to another relationship in
which all kinds of love are present. |
|
|
Term
| Caring,Intimacy, Commitment |
|
Definition
–Mutual commitment can arise out
of a sense of loyalty and fidelity
to one’s partner, a religious or
legal belief in the sanctity of
marriage, or a legal contract. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Family structure varied from tribe to tribe
25% were matrilineal decent through mother’s side
love and kindness towards children |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
during the early separation,
the couple is feeling ambivalent about
leaving the marriage. The couple is usually
discussing both serious and mundane
questions.
Couples must also confront economic issues
such as paying bills. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the harsh realities of
everyday living set in. The pressures of
maintaining two households and meeting
the needs of the children mount and the
stress increases.
The couple may actually reconcile for a short
time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in this phase, the partners
must learn how to survive as singles again.
Both spouses must also deal with mutual
friends and with family who may disapprove
of the separation. |
|
|
Term
| reasons for divorce micro/interpersonal |
|
Definition
Unrealistic expectations—people now have
fewer children and more time to focus on their
relationship as a couple. One result is that the
couple can become disillusioned.
– Conflict and abuse—arguments and conflicts
are major reasons for divorce for both sexes.
42% of women but only 9% of men said that
domestic violence was a major reason for
divorce.
– Infidelity—cheating is a major reason for
divorce, especially for women. |
|
|
Term
| reasons for divorce micro/ interpersonal |
|
Definition
– Communication—communication problems
derail many marriages. Couples who stay
together listen to each other respectfully even
when they disagree.
– Other important reasons for divorce include:
many couples try to stay together for the
children, but find they are dissatisfied when
the children are gone; wives grow disillusioned
with their husbands who can’t keep a job;
underemployed men who have trouble finding
work say that their wife’s nagging about the
bills makes them feel worse. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The legal divorce is the formal
dissolution of a marriage. During this
stage, couples reach agreements on
issues like custody of children and an
economic dissolution of assets. Some
issues may include alimony and child
support. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
During the economic divorce the
couple may argue about what bills
each will be responsible for.
Coparental divorce involves
agreements about legal responsibility
for financial support of the children
and of school or day care
responsibilities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Partners go through community
divorce when they inform family and
friends, teachers, and others that they
are no longer together.
Some people actually send out formal
cards announcing their divorce; others
do it more informally. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The psychic divorce is the final stage, in
which the couple separate from each
other emotionally and establish separate
lives.
One or both spouses may undergo a
period of mourning. Some never
complete this stage because they cannot
let go of the pain, anger, and resentment
toward the spouse. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1st brought here as servants
plantation owners wanted slaves to have children so they could sell them
women took care of their own children as well as their masters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Became laborers hard work, low wages
Familism: family comes before individual
Women were guardians of tradition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cult of domesticity: glorified women’s domestic roles
Men work totally separated from the house
Lost control over children
Immigration
Lots of unskilled and semi-skilled workers
Lack of decent housing
Men and women divided for work |
|
|
Term
| Family and The Great Depression |
|
Definition
Men left families in search of work
Women hired in factories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Women worked because all men were fighting
Divorce rates increased |
|
|
Term
| Family in The Golden Fifties |
|
Definition
Men returning, so women out of workplace
Baby boomers
Housewives; men went to work |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lower birth rates and higher divorce rates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| very structured artificial situation that allows the researcher to control certain variables, cause and effect can be established, limitation: reliance on volunteers or pain subjects |
|
|
