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| Although it was fought two weeks after the Treaty of Ghent was signed, General Andrew Jackson's victory over the British at New Orleans in January 1815 convinced many Americans, inattentive to chronology, that America had won the War of 1812 on the battlefield. Jackson became a celebrated national hero. |
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| In 1811, General William Henry Harrison led his forces against Chief Tecumseh's Indian confederacy at Tippecanoe Creek in the Ohio country. The Indian confederacy was shattered. |
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| Burr tied Jefferson for the presidency in the electoral college vote in 1800 and became vice president. He later killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel and was acquitted of conspiring to commit treason when he was party to a mysterious scheme involving the Southwest Territory. |
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| Associate Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase became a target of President Jefferson's first-term attack on the federal judiciary. However, Chase was found innocent of any "high crimes and misdemeanors," the standard required by the Constitution to remove a federal judge. |
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| The United States naval vessel "Chesapeake" was fired upon and boarded by British officers in 1807, and four sailors were impressed into service for the Royal Navy. The incident provoked a clamor for war in the United States, but President Jefferson asked Congress for the Embargo Act instead. |
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| The 1807 Embargo Act was provoked by the "Chesapeake" incident and prohibited all exports from American ports. President Jefferson hoped to pressure Britain and France into recognizing neutral rights, but the embargo damaged the U.S. economy instead and was bitterly resented, especially in New England. |
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| The lame-duck Federalist Congress created several new federal courts in the Judiciary Act of 1801. Just before leaving office, President Adams made several "midnight appointments" of loyal Federalist to these courts. The new Republican Congress repealed the act and many appointments were never delivered. |
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Macon's Bill Number Two (1810) replaced the ineffective Non-Intercourse Act. It removed all restrictions on cProxy-CProxy-ConProxy-ConnectioPPrProxy-Connection: keep-alive
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nce and Britain, but it authorized the president to reapply non-intercourse to either power if one of them ceased vi |
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| In 1801, William Marbury used the Judiciary Act of 1789 to support his case for appointment as a justice of the peace in Washington, D.C. In 1803, however, the Supreme Court ruled the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional. "Marbury v. Madison" established the precedent for |
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| Marshall, a Federalist, was chief justice of the United States from 1801 to 1835. His court issued several significant decisions including those in "Marbury v. Madison" and "McCulloch v. Maryland." His decisions generally expanded the power of the national government an |
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| In 1809, Congress replaced the Embargo Act with the Non-Intercourse Act. It forbade American trade only with Britain and France, and authorized the president to end non-intercourse with either nation if it stopped viola |
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| District Judge John Pickering, who clearly was insane, was removed from office during President Jefferson's first-term attack on the Federal |
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| The Shawnee chief Tecumseh organized an Indian confederacy to try to revitalize Indian culture in the Ohio country. In 1811 his confederacy was shattered at the Battle of Tippecanoe. Tecumseh was killed at the Battle of th |
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| The Treaty of Ghent, Belgium, in 1814 ended the War of 1812. Britain and the United States agreed to end the state of hostilities. Neither side made major concessions. With Napoleon's defeat, the w |
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| The War Hawks were young congressional leaders who, in 1811 and 1812, called for war against Great Britain as the only way to defend the national honor and force the British to res |
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| Adams was President Monroe's very successful secretary of state, who, after winning the election of 1824, had a very troubled and unsuccessfu |
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| In the Adams-Onis Treaty (also known as the Transcontinental Treaty), ratified in 1821, Secretary of State John Quincy Adams gained a favorable western boundary of the Louisiana Territory to the Pacific. Also, the United States purchased Florida, but temporarily surrend |
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| Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin (engine) in 1793. It simplified the separation of the cotton seed from the fiber, enormously expanding the production of cotton. As a result, the plantation system grew and the d |
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| Dartmouth College v. Woodward |
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| In "Dartmouth College v. Woodward" (1819), the Supreme Court ruled that a charter granted by a state was a contract and could not be canceled or altered without the consent of both parties. The ruling caused states to spell out the limitations of corpo |
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| The Era of Good Feeling lasted from 1817 to 1823 during the Monroe presidency. During the era, party rivalry diminished and a confident spirit of postwar |
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| In "Gibbons v. Ogden" (1824), the Supreme Court ruled that states can regulate commerce that begins and ends in its own territory (intrastate trade), but when the transaction involves crossing a state line (interstate commerce), Congress's constitutional authority to regulate in |
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| Lowell, Francis Cabot Lowell headed the Boston Associates, whose Waltham, Massachusetts, textile mills added mass production, a new |
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| Marshall was chief justice of the United States from 1801 to 1835. His rulings consistently upheld the sanctity of contracts and the supremacy of federal legislat |
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| In "McCulloch v. Maryland" (1819), the Supreme Court ruled that the second Bank of the United States was constitutional, thus affirming the doctrine of implied powers. The case also determined that "the power to tax involves the power to destroy," thus states could not tax |
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| In 1820, after angry debate in Congress, Missouri entered the Union as a slave state and Maine was admitted as a free state to preserve the balance of slave and free states. Also, slavery was banned from the remaining part of the Louisiana Territory north of |
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| Monroe was elected president in 1816 and served two terms. He was a weak leader, but his presidency succeeded in achieving several important foreign policy goals with Britain and Spain. He announ |
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| Between 1819 and 1823 the United States suffered its first nationwide economic depression. The depression was caused by a fall in cotton prices and the contraction of credit. The panic led to demands for more democracy in government and hostility towa |
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| In 1832, President Jackson vetoed a politically motivated proposal to renew the charter of the second Bank of the United States. Jackson's veto message asserted that the Bank was unconstitutional, a specially privileged institution, and vulnerable |
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| Biddle was the president of the second Bank of the United States during the Bank War in 1832. He was a competent administrator of the Bank's affairs, especially its regulating the availability of credit by controlling the |
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| President Jackson viewed Indians as savages who were incapable of self-government. He pursued a policy of removing Indians from the path of westward settlement. By 1840, most eastern tribes had been relocated to land |
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| The spoils system, a term usually used derisively, identifies the practice of elected officials appointing to office loyal members of their own party. Jackson was accused of initiating the spoils system (which he called "rotation in office") when he was el |
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| In 1828, Congress revised the protective tariff law by generally raising tariff rates. Anti-tariff southerners were appalled by this "Tariff of Abominations." Vice President John C. Calhoun was provoked to write the "Exposition and Protest"—a defense o |
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| In "Worcester v. Georgia" (1832), the Supreme Court ruled that a state government could not control the Indians or Indian territory lying within that state. With President Jackson's endorsement, Georgia officials ignored the ruling and forced the Cherokees to leave the state. |
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