Term
|
Definition
In October 1777, General Burgoyne was forced to surrender his army to General Horatio Gates at Saratoga, New York. Burgoyne's action changed the course and the character of the Revolutionary War, because France chose to ally and extend aid to the colonies in its aftermath.
%Pr |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Parliament responded to the Boston Tea Party by passing the Coercive Acts in 1774. They were unjust acts in that they were intended to punish Boston and Massachusetts generally for the crime committed by a few individuals. Colonists called these the Intolerable Acts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| General Cornwallis commanded British troops in the South in 1778-1781. He was surrounded and forced to surrender at the Battle of Yorktown in 1781, effectively ending the Revolutionary War. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Parliament passed the 1766 Declaratory Act when it repealed the Stamp Act. It stated that the colonies were subordinate to Parliament's authority. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| General Greene commanded patriot armies in the backcountry of North and South Carolina in 1778-1781. His guerrilla tactics harassed General Cornwallis's army as it moved toward Virginia and the decisive battle at Yorktown in 1781. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Grenville became the king's first minister in 1763. He was eager to reduce government spending, and he proposed the Sugar and Stamp acts to raise revenue in the colonies to defray the expenses of Britain's expanded empire. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Henry, a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses, suggested in May 1765 that Parliament had no legal authority to tax the colonies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| General Howe took command of British troops in North America after the Battle of Bunker Hill. He captured New York and Philadelphia, but botched the plan to isolate the New England colonies in 1777. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Parliament responded to the Boston Tea Party by passing the Coercive Acts in 1774. They were unjust acts in that they were intended to punish Boston and Massachusetts generally for the crime committed by a few individuals. Colonists called these the Intolerable Acts. |
|
|
Term
Jefferson%2Proxy-Connection%ProxProxy-Connection: keep-alive
%0Proxy-Connection: keep-alive
Cache-Control: max-age=0
ache-Control: max-age=0
Proxy-Connection: keep-alive
Cache-Control: max-age=0
nnectiProxy-ConnectProxy-Connection: keep-alive
Cache-Control: max-age=0
n: keep-alive
Cache-Control:Proxy-Connection: keep-alive
Cache-Control: max-age=0
ax-age=0
: keep-alive
Cache-Control: max-age=0
keep-alive
Proxy-Connection: keep-alive
Cache-Control: max-age=0
ACache-Control: max-age=0
Thomas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Paine was an English revolutionary pamphleteer who wrote "Common Sense." This bestseller rallied AProxy-Connection: keep-alive
Cache-Control: max-age=0
oxy-Connection: keep-alive
Cache-Control: max-age=0
ricans to support independence and a republican government for the new nation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pontiac, an Ottawa chief%Proxy-CoProxy-Connection: keep-alive
Cache-Control: max-age=0
ection: keep-alive
Cache-Control: max-age=0
tried tProxy-Connection: keep-alive
Cache-Control: max-age=0
oxy-Connection: keep-alive
Cache-Control: max-age=0
hold back white advancement into the trans-Appalachian frontier in 1763-1764. Pontiac's Rebellion, staged by a loose confederat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The British announced a new western policy in the Proclamation of 1763. No settlers were allowed to cross the Appalachian divide. It was much resented by |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In 1774, Parliament passed the Quebec Act creating the British colony of Quebec and establishing an authoritarian centralized government be |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Stamp Act was the first purely direct, or revenue, tax Parliament imposed on the colonies. It was an excise tax on printed matter, and the revenue it produced was supposed to defray Britain's expe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Sugar Act of 1764 initiated Prime Minister George Grenville's plan to place tariffs on some colonial imports as a means of raising revenue needed to finance England's expanded North American empire. It also called for stricter enf |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Parliament passed the Tea Act in 1773 to try to save the floundering British East India Company. Colonists protested the Act because it threatened the profits of American tea merchants, and because it seemed a devious effort to get the Americans to forget their principles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Townshend was the English chancellor of the exchequer who persuaded Parliament to impose a new series of trade taxes on the American colonies in 1767. These taxes were known as the Townshend duties. He held a ve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The 1783 Peace of Paris ended the Revolutionary War. The British agreed to grant the colonies independence and to transfer their trans-Appalachian terri |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Washington, a Virginia planter, was appointed commander in chief of the Continental Army in 1775. He was also the president of the Constitutional Convention in 1787 as well as the first |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antifederalists opposed ratification of the Constitution; they were states' rightists and were concerned that the Constitution contained no bill of rights. Federalists advocated ratification of the Constitution%3 |
|
|
Term
| Articles of Confederation |
|
Definition
| The Articles, ratified in 1781, were the United States's first constitution. They sharply limited central authority by denying the national government |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The first ten amendments to the Constitution, adopted in 1791, comprise the Bill of Rights. A product of Antifederalist influence, the Bill of Rights protects individual liberties against the p |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Before the Revolutionary War, Dickinson published the "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" in which he denied Parliament the right to tax the colonies. In the Second Continental Congress, Dickinson chaired a committee that drafted an unpopular plan for creat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Federalists advocated ratification of the Constitution; they were centralizing nationalists. Antifederalists opposed ratification of the Constitution; they were states' rightists and were concerned that the Constitut |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alexander Hamilton, with the help of James Madison and John Jay, produced "The Federalist Papers," a brilliant series of essays explaining and defending the stronger national government created by the Co |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In 1785, diplomat John Jay negotiated an agreement with Don Diego de Gardoqui, a Spanish official, that fell short of achieving what Congress wanted—the restoration of U.S. rights to navigation on the Mississippi River. Disappointed, Congr |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Ordinance of 1785 provided for the surveying and sale of America's western territories. It favored speculative land development companies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| James Madison offered the Constitutional Convention the Virginia Plan calling for proportional representation in Congress. William Paterson's New Jersey Plan, hoping to protect the less populous states, called for equal representation in Congress for each state. The controversy was r |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 formulated plans for governments in America's northwestern territories, defined a procedure for the territories' admission to the Union as states, and prohibited |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Responding to calls for a stronger and more energetic national government, fifty-five delegates met in Philadelphia in the summer of 1787 to draft a new constitution to replace the |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Daniel Shays, a veteran of Bunker Hill, led an armed rebellion of farmers in western Massachusetts to prevent state courts from foreclosing on debtors unable to pay their taxes. The rebellion convinced nationalists that to suppress or inhibit such rebellions, the nation needed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| James Madison offered the Constitutional Convention the Virginia Plan calling for proportional representation in Congress. William Paterson's New Jersey Plan, hoping to protect the less populous states, called for equal representation in Congress for each state. The controversy was r |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adams was Washington's vice president and defeated Jefferson for the presidency in the election of 1796. During his term he resisted his party's demand for war with France, but lost |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In 1798, the Federalist Congress passed the Alien and Sedition acts to attack the Republican party and suppress dissent against the Adams administratio |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In 1794, General Anthony Wayne's army decisively defeated the Indians in Ohio, and the ensuing Treaty of Greenville opened the way for |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the election of 1800, both Jefferson and Aaron Burr received seventy-three votes in the electoral college. Because of the tie, the Constitution required that the House of Representatives, voting by states, choose between them. Jefferson was elected. The Twelfth Amendment was adopted to prevent a s |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hamilton was the first secretary of the treasury. He was the leading spokesman for a B national government and |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Jay coauthored "The Federalist," served as chief justice, and negotiated the controversial Jay T |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| John Jay negotiated a treaty with Britain in 1794 in which the British agreed to evacuate posts in the American Northwest and settle some maritime disputes. Jay agreed to accept Britain's definition of America's |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Madison proposed the Virginia Plan to the Constitutional Convention, coauthored "The Federalist," and helped J |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pinckney negotiated the Treaty of San Lorenzo with Spain in 1795. It opened the Mississippi River to American trade, guaranteed Americans the right of deposit at New Orleans, and settled a di |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In Pinckney's Treaty (also known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo), Spain granted the United States free navigation of the Mississippi River and the right of deposit at New Orleans. It also settled the boundary dispute between Spanish Florida and the United States on |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| France interpreted the Jay Treaty as a threat to French interests, and in 1797, the French began seizing American ships while American privateers began attacking French shipping. This undeclared war on the high seas was dubbe |
|
|
Term
| Report on the Public Credit |
|
Definition
| In 1791, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton recommended that Congress fund the national debt at par and assume the states' debts. He was trying to establish the financial credit of the new national government and attract the support of |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the Treaty of San Lorenzo (also known as Pinckney's Treaty), Spain granted the United States free navigation of the Mississippi River and the right of deposit at New Orleans. It also settled the boundary dispute between Spanish Florida and the United States on terms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Western Pennsylvania farmers violently resisted paying the tax on whiskey imposed by Hamilton's financial program. In 1794, they threatened to destroy Pittsburgh. Washington and Hamilton marshaled the full force of the army to suppress the rebellion, but the rebels had dispers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| American peace commissioners sent to France by President Adams in 1797 were insulted by their French counterparts, dubbed Mr. X, Y, and Z in American newspapers. America's tender sense of national honor was outraged, and the affair led Federalists to demand war against France. |
|
|
