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| Ancient Greek philosopher who believed in objective truth, dualism, and genetic basis for knowledge |
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| Ancient Greek philosopher who believed in objective truth, dualism, and genetic basis for knowledge |
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| Ancient Greek philosopher who believed in careful observation, monism, and that knowledge was learned from experiences. Strongly influenced modern sciences |
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| philosopher who believed in dualism, hollow nerves, and animal spirits. |
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| Father of modern science/scientific method. Careful observation and experimentation. Empiricism. |
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| Enlightenment philosopher who believed in empiricism and that at birth we are born a "blank slate" (tabula rasa) that experience writes on |
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| made the first psychology lab. Germany 1879. Considered the "Father of Psychology" |
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| Student of Wundt who made the first psychology lab in America in 1883 |
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| Student of Wundt who favored structuralism and introspection |
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| favored functionalism, introspection, and published the first major psychology text, Principles of Psychology in 1890 |
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| student of James, denied Harvard Ph.D, first female APA president |
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| first Ph.D in psychology by a woman, second female APA president |
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| biologist credited with popularizing the ideas of evolutions and natural selection, supported the notion of innate knowledge (nature) |
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| Kenneth Clark and Mami Phipps Clark |
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| research on stereotypes, prejudice, and self-esteem in black children that was used in desegregation court cases before the Supreme Court |
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| worked in Phrenology- bumps on the head can determine intelligence and personality; genetic view of intelligence |
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| artificial electrical stimulation of the brain creates experiences for people |
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| bar through his head and survived, case study on personality |
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| Broca's Area of brain controls the production of speech |
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| Wernicke's Area of brain controls understanding of language |
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| Roger Sperry and Mike Gazzaniaga |
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| did work with split-brain patients |
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| U of Minnesota, identical twin research |
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| Mark Rosenzweig and David Krech |
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| enriched environments meant thicker brain cortex in rats |
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| cognitive states of development. He underestimated children |
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| children rely on inner speech by age 7, zone of proximal development |
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| attachment; wire and cloth monkey "mothers" experiments determined the importance of body contact |
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| attachment; imprinting ducks |
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| attachment; strange situation experiments explored secure vs. insecure attachment |
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| stages of moral development |
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| stages of social development |
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| research on relationships and factors influencing successful marriages |
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| 4 parenting styles; authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved |
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| early researcher in psychophysics |
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| Weber's law, just noticeable difference is a constant percentage change |
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| David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel |
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| feature detectors in visual cortex. Nobel Prize winners |
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| trichromatic theory of color vision; three cones: red, green, and blue |
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| opponent process theory of color vision (red/green, blue/yellow, black/white) |
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| gate theory of pain control |
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| some portions of knowledge/ how we interpret are innate/genetic |
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| visual illusions with lines and arrow heads |
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| rules of grouping, whole is greater than sum of parts |
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| visual cliff-infant depth perception fairly innate, triggered by crawling |
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| manifest and latent content of dreams, repression into unconscious of painful/anxiety provoking memories, free association, defense mechanisms |
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| showed that unconscious actions occur before conscious awareness |
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| first used the EEG to study stages of sleep |
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| famous sleep researcher, especially on sleep deprivation effects |
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| activation synthesis theory of dreaming |
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| viewed hypnosis as dissociation of consciousness- "hidden observer" |
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| learning, classical conditioning, dog experiments |
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| viewed hypnosis as dissociation of consciousness- "hidden observer" |
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| learning, classical conditioning, dog experiments |
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| father of behaviorism, classical conditioning experiments with Little Albert and the rat. Work in advertising |
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| co-experimenter with Watson on Little Albert |
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| the CS in CC can't be any item, biological constraints and taste aversion |
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| Law of Effect; good result increases behavior, bed result decreases behavior |
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| used Law of Effect to define operant conditioning, rewards and punishment; language |
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| learning by observation/social learning, Bobo doll study proved that children learn aggression; Reciprocal Determinism |
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| major behaviorist researcher who believed that humans (and animals) had cognitive components to their learning |
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| 3 stage processing model of memory (sensory, short term memory, long term memory) |
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| early researcher, nonsense syllables, forgetting curve (fast then level) |
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| sensory memory visual/iconic, 3 x 3 square, everything in, fades fast |
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| magic number for short term memory: 7 + or - 2 items |
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| memory construction, false memories, eyewitness testimony |
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| rat study with brain removal, Long Term Memory all over brain not just in one spot |
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| level of processing; deeper/complex processing leads to better memory |
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| British conductor with anterograde amnesia from loss of hippocampus |
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| Daniel Kahneman and Amox Tversky |
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| heuristics, overconfidence and decision making |
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| language acquisition device; genetically ready for language but need experience |
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| linguistic relativity hypothesis; language determines how we think |
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| teach sign language to chimp |
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| language is genetically based plus learning; children's errors in language |
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| Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon |
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| first IQ test, help school children |
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| Stanford Binet IQ test, test WW1 soldiers |
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| test immigrants IQ to determine entrance to country |
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| g (general) of intelligence |
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| 7 primary mental abilities |
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| major multiple intelligence researcher, 8+ areas |
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| WAIS Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale- most widely used IQ |
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| 3 areas of intelligence, academic/problem solving, practical, creative |
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| Flynn Effect- increase in intelligence scores across century must mean intelligence is affected by environment since we have not changed much genetically |
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| early researcher on emotion, natural selection, Origin of Species book |
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| Drive Reduction Theory of Motivation and major behaviorist researcher |
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| medium arousal is best for task performance (inverted U), difficulty of task affects curve |
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| Hierarchy of Needs- physical, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization |
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| body image study, women prefer smaller body than ideal |
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| early sex researchers, bias studies with response bias, interviewing style |
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| concept of Flow in motivation |
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| achievement motivation- high in it pick moderately challenging tasks, low in it pick really difficult or really easy tasks |
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| Paul Ekman and Maureen O'Sullivan |
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| researchers in facial emotions, determined that emotions are universal |
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| 10 basic emotions, most common 6- happy, sad, anger, fear, surprise, disgust |
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| happiness research, overestimate duration/underestimate adaption emotion |
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| William James and Carl Lange |
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| physiology changes first and makes emotion |
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| Walter Cannon and Philip Bard |
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| physiology change and experience of emotion occur simultaneously |
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| Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer |
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| 2 factor theory of emotion- physiology changes, we give a cognitive label to the physiology which creates the emotion |
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| cognitive appraisal model of stress |
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| fight or flight stress response |
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| stress response, 3 stages- alarm, resistance, exhaustion |
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| Type A behavior and heart disease, hostility is a key factor |
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| Freud follower, inferiority complex everyone has to overcome |
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| Freud follower, more feminine viewpoint, Electra complex |
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| Freud follower, collective unconscious, archetypes, anima (F), animus (M) |
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| trait theory, 18,000 traits, not possible to measure |
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| body types- ectomorph, mesomorph, and endomorph |
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| trait theory, 16 basic traits |
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| two traits, Introverted/Extroverted and Stability/Instability |
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| Big 5 personality test; OCEAN- openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism |
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| unconditional positive regard, self-concept, ideal vs. actual self, person centered, empathy acceptance, active/reflective listening |
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| locus of control, internal vs. external (internal better for health) |
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| learned helplessness, positive psychology |
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| criticized trait theory. Why are we so different in different situations? |
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| French reformer, get mentally ill out of prison |
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| American reformer who made institutions better and contributed to deinstitutionalization |
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| labeling with disorders, sent fake patients to psych wards and they were still committed |
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| mental illness labels are wrong/damaging; just people with problems |
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| RET- rational emotive therapy - challenges negative thoughts aggressively, change thoughts to obtain healthier reactions |
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| cognitive therapy for depression- challenge thoughts in nicer way |
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| Gestalt therapy, work in the now, make people aware of defenses, "I" |
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| Peter and rabbit phobia, counterconditioning, relax as CR response |
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| systematic desensitization with phobias |
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| attribution theory, dispositional (person) vs. situational (environment)- Fundamental Attribution Error |
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| cognitive dissonance theory. When thoughts/behaviors don't match, we make them |
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| conformity study with lines, 3 or more unanimous they conformed |
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| obedience study with shocking subjects, 65% obey all the way to 450 volts |
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