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Family, kinship, and descent
How is kinship calculated, and how are relatives classified, in various societies?
43
Anthropology
Undergraduate 1
03/30/2010

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Term
Descent group
Definition
group based on belief in shared ancestry
Term
Family of orientation
Definition
nuclear family in which one is born and grows up
Term
Family of procreation
Definition
nuclear family established when one marries and has children
Term
Nuclear family is _____ but not _____.
Definition
widespread, universal
Term
____ society reproduced itself biologically without the nuclear family- children did not know who their genitor was.
Definition
Nayar
Term
Extended family household
Definition
Households with three or more generations
Term
Unilineal descent
Definition
matrilineal or patrilineal descent
Term
lineage
Definition
unilineal descent group based on demonstrated descent
Term
Clan
Definition
Unilineal descent group based on stipulated descent
Term
Foraging is a broader term under which ________ is included.
Definition
hunting and gathering
Term
Many foraging societies lack year round _________.
Definition
band organization
Term
______ family is a basic kin group in both industrial and foraging societies.
Definition
nuclear
Term
Apical ancestorr
Definition
person who stands at apex, or top, of common geneaology (i.e. Adam and Eve are apical ancestors of all humanity)
Term
Demonstrated descent
Definition
lineage members can recite names of forebears in each generation from apical ancestor through present (members think they are accurate, might not be)
Term
Ambilineal
Definition
flexible descent rule, neither patri nor matrilineal
Term
Stipulated descent
Definition
Clan members merely say they descend from the apical ancestor, they don't try to trace the actual geneological links
Term
To endure, ______ groups need to keep at least some of their members at home, on the ancestral estate.
Definition
descent
Term
Kinship calculation
Definition
system by which people in a society reckon kin relationships
Term
Kin terms
Definition
the words used for different relatives in a particular language (i.e., uncle)
Term
Geneaological kin types
Definition
actual geaneological relationship (i.e., mother's brother)
Term
Ego
Definition
position from which one views an egocentric geneaology
Term
Bilateral kinship calculation
Definition
Kin ties calculated equally through men and woemn
Term
Functional explanation
Definition
One based on correlation or co-occurrence of social variables.
Term
Matrilateral skewing
Definition
a preference for relatives on the mothers side
Term
Four main ways of classifing kin on parental generation
Definition
Lineal, bifurcate merging, generational, bifurcate collateral
Term
Bifurcate merging kinship terminology
Definition
bifurcates (splits) on mother's and father's side, but merges same sex siblings of each parent (e.g., mother, mother's sister merged under same term, father, father's brother, but different terms for mother's brother and father's sister).
Term
Generational terminology
Definition
uses same term for parents and siblings, but only two terms for parental generation. Does not bifurcate (distinguish between mother and father's side) but it does merge. One term for father, father's brother, and mother's brother (translates to male member of parental generation)
Term
Bilateral kinship terminology
Definition
kin ties calculated equally through men and women
Term
Functional explanation
Definition
One based on correlation or co-occurrence of social variables
Term
Native taxonomy
Definition
classificatino system developed over generations by people who live in a particular society
Term
Lineal terminology
Definition
4 parental kin terms: M, F, FB=MB, FZ=MZ
Term
Bifurcate merging terminology
Definition
splits mother's and father's side, merges same-sex siblings; 4 terms: M=MZ, F=FB, MB and FZ alone
Term
Generational kinship terminology
Definition
only 2 terms: M=MZ=FZ, F=FB=MB
Term
Bifurcate collateral kinship terminology
Definition
6 separate parental kin terms: M, F, MB, MZ, FB, FZ
Term
Nuclear families tend to be especially important in ______ and ______ societies
Definition
foraging and industrial
Term
The descent group is a basic kin group among _______
Definition
nonindustrial food producers (farmers and herders)
Term
Unlike families, descent groups have ____________.
Definition
perpetuity; they last for generations
Term
Cultures with unilocal residence and unilineal descent tend to have _________ terminology.
Definition
Bifurcate merging
Term
_____ terminology is associated with nuclear family organization.
Definition
Lineal
Term
Why is a nuclear family characteristic of many modern nations?
Definition
Isolation from extended family arises from mobility that is characteristic of many industrial societies
Term
A taxonomic system
Definition
is based on how people perceive differences/similarities in the things being classified
Term
What does a functional explanation suggest about a system of kinship terminology?
Definition
attempts to correlate particular customs to other features of society
Term
in bifurcate merging kinship terminology, ____ and ______ are merged.
Definition
lineal, collateral
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