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| physical and psychological seperations families create between themselves and the rest of the world |
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| recognizing as many options or alternatives as possible. |
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consists of people related by blood, marriage, or adoption.
(common househould, economic interdependency, sexual and reproductive relations) |
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| husband, wife, and children in an independant household; traditional, but also modern because it emerged with modern industrial society |
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(definied by Charles Cooley)
any group in which there is a close, face to face relationship - laugh, cry, quarrel together |
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| more distant, practical, and unemotional relationship. (professional organization or business association) |
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| Burgess and Locke's view of Family Companionship |
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Definition
| Assumed that family interaction occurred primarily in the context of traditional social roles, rather than emphasizing spontaneity, individuality and intimacy |
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| The virtual sacrafice of individual family members needs and goals for the sake of the extended family (larger kin group) |
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| broader than "family" - it includes non familial living arrangments as well |
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| encourage people to think in terms of personal happiness and goals and the development of a distinct individual identity. Gives more weight to the expression of individual preferences and the maximization of individual talents and options |
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| an individuals idea about his or her worth and about what sort of person she or he is. |
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| economic and social forces that limit personal choices (we and our personal decisions and attitudes are products of our environment) |
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| Total Fertility Rate of a Population |
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Definition
the average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime.
Scholars and advocates with a "family decline" perspective point to what they see as a cultural change toward excessive individualism that they characterize as the self indulgence if the baby boom generation. |
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| children in role reversal families start managing interaction with bureaucracies and the larger society |
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The number of children dying under a year of age divided by the number of live births that year.
*cuban and mexican immigrants all have lower IMR than non hispanic whites |
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| refers to cultural distinctions often based in language, religion, and history |
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| Not a race. Its the name - "hispanic" or "latino" |
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| Cultural deviant perspective |
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| views the qualities that distinguish minority racial/ethnic families from mainstream white middle class families as negative or pathological |
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| Cultural Varient Perspective |
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| calls for making culturally and contextually relevant interpretations of minority family lives |
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| biologically distinct group (scientific thinking rejects the idea that there are seperate races distinguished by biological markers) |
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| when children learn the English language and American ways faster than their parents and thus become the family leaders |
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| the number of eligible men available for women seeking marital partners. |
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Measured in terms of education, occupation and income.
(blue collar and white collar workers) |
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| not legal in the United States and subject to sudden deportation |
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| some family members are American citizens or legal residents, while others are undocumented immigrants. |
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| maintains significant contact with 2 countries; the country of origin and the U.S |
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describes the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a global network of political ideas through communication, transportation, and trade.
*economists are divided as to whether the increasing globalization of the economy - more outsourcing of jobs to other countries and the replacement of manufacturing by service jobs - is rendering the economic foundation of the American family more precarious |
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| the opportunities one has for education and work, whether one can afford to marry, the schools that children attend, and a family's healthcare all depend on family economic resources |
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| refers to a variety of adoptive experiences immigrants may have as they become part of a host society |
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| ones who work from this perspective are finding complex interactions among gender, social roles, and biological indicators rather than categorical gender differences. |
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common in stepfamilies.
Researchers have used concepts such as family boundaries as research start points |
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| refers to the relative dominance and the sychronization of the two hemispheres of the brain |
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| what members of a society agree is true - may misrepresent the actual experience of families. |
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| compiled by clinicians who counsel people with marital and family problems. |
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| Infants develop a primary identification with the person primarily responsible for their early care |
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| it is the opposite if structure-functional theory |
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| challenges that must be mastered in one stange for a successful transition to the next stage |
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| Many cross-sexual interaction rituals such as playground games are based on and reaffirm boundaries and differences between girls and boys |
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transmitted to succeeding generations.
successful behavior patterns are encoded in genes |
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| People without resources typically defer to the preferences of others and are less likely to leave a relationship. |
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| the application of an economic perspective to social relationships |
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| beliefs we have about the family- may not be accurate |
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| subjects from a pool of similar participants will be randomly assigned to groups that will be given different experiences |
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Definition
| involves whole kinship groups, of parents, children, grandparents, and other relatives performed most societal functions |
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Term
| Family ecology perspective |
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Definition
| explores how a family influences and is influenced by the surrounding environment |
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Term
| Family Development Perspective |
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Definition
| emphasizes the family itself as the unit of analysis |
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Definition
is central based on the idea that the family changes in predictable ways over time.
The addition or subtraction of a family member, the stages children go through, and changes in the families connections with other social institutions |
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| is all the procedures, regulations, attitudes, and goals of government that affect families |
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| to raise children responsibly, to provide economic support, and give emotional security |
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| umbrella term for a wide range of specific theories that look at the family as a whole |
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| Feminist Development Perspective |
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Definition
| emphasizes the family itself as a unit of analysis |
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| a sense of uniqueness and inner sameness |
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| the survival of ones genes |
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Definition
| the research participants must be appraised of the nature of the research and then give their consent |
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| patterned and predictable ways of thinkings and behaving. Meet the needs of members and enable the society to survive |
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| Interactionist Perspective |
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Definition
| focuses on interaction, the face to face encounters and relationships of individuals who act in awareness of one another |
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| Institutional Review Board (IRB) |
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Definition
| Researchers now must have their research plans reviewed by a special board of experts and community representatives |
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| Agentic/Instrumental Character traits |
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Definition
| confidence, assertiveness, and ambition - enable them to accomplish difficult tasks or goals |
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| means that behavior is observed in a laboratory setting but does not involve random assignment or experimental manipulation of a variable |
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| provides long term information about individuals or groups, as researchers conduct follow up investigations for some years after an initial study |
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| Cooley developed this - social feedback shapes the self concept |
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| what given activity or statement coveys symbolically |
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| the researcher lives with a family or social group or spends extensive time with family or social group members, carefully recording their activities, conversations, gestures, and other aspects of everyday life. |
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| Normative Order Hypothesis |
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Definition
| proposes that the work, marriage, parenthood sequence is best for mental health and happiness |
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Definition
(husband, wife, children)
Has lost many functions formally performed by the traditional extended family.
"On time" transition - is successful for role performance |
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Definition
| conveys sense of ongoing change and development |
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| Communal (expressive) character traits |
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Definition
| (women) warmth, sensitivity, the ability to express tender feelings and the placing concern about others welfare above self interest |
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Definition
| according to this, there are a variety of ways of being a woman. Attractiveness, caring, and emotional support |
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Definition
culturally defined attitudes and behaviors associated with and expected of the 2 sexes.
(what it means to be masculine or feminine) |
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| refers to the degree to which an individual sees herself or himself as feminine or masculine |
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Definition
| describes societal attitudes and behaviors expected of and associated with the 2 sexes |
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| Gender Schema theory of gender socialization |
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Definition
| children develop a framework of knowledge about whats boys and girls typically do. |
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| Gender Similarities hypothesis |
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Definition
| pyschologist Janet Hyde offers this to replace the usual assumption of gender differences |
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Definition
| children internalize messages from available cultural influences and materials surrounding them. |
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| describes a situation in which the males in a dyad or group assume authority over the females. |
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| a recent and subtle change meant to promote our appreciation for the differences among men. |
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| takes the form of agreement with statements like "discrimination in the labor force is no longer a problem", it denies that gender discrimination persists and includes the belief that women are asking for too much |
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| The idea that men dominate women in all societies |
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| Principle of Least Interest |
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Definition
| the partner with less commiment to the relationship is the one who has more power, including the power to exploit the other |
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Definition
| the role is an important concept in interactions perspective. Mead* - play is not idle time but a significant vehicle thru which children develop appropriate concepts of adult roles and images of themselves. |
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Definition
education, income, physical attractiveness, and personality affect their formation and continuation in relationships.
The exhange of rewards and costs among participants shapes power and influence in the family, the household and commitment to relationships.
*they can be material and nonmaterial gifts |
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Term
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Definition
| positions in the social structure that have associated behavior expectations |
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| adapting typical family roles of husband and wife to their own preferences |
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Definition
| the order in which major transitions to adult roles take place |
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Definition
or playing out the expected behavior associated with a social position.
*its how children begin to learn behavior appropriate to the roles they play as adults |
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Definition
| logical system that bases knowledge on systematic observation |
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Definition
| data gathered systematically from many sources through these investigation techniques |
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Definition
| the basic feelings people have about themselves, their abilities, characteristics and their worth |
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Term
| In the Structure Functional Perspective, the family is seen as.... |
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Definition
| a social institution that performs certain essential functions for society |
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| Symbolic Interaction Theory |
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Definition
children develop self concepts based on social feed back
*looking glass self |
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Definition
| part of our everyday experience. Face to face interviews |
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Definition
| combination of elements or components that are interrelated and organized as a whole |
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| ways of viewing reality, in which observers view, organize and interpret what they see. Suggests explanations for why family patterns and practices are the way they are |
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| Self Identification theory |
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Definition
| children categorize themselves as male or female, by age three. Then they identify behaviors in their families, in the media or elsewhere appropriate to their sex and adopt those behaviors |
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Definition
| is through which the genetic heritage is expressed |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical substances secreted into the bloodstream by the endocrine glands. Influence the activities of cells, tissues, and body organs |
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Definition
| the children have some anatomical, chromosomal or hormonal variation from the male or female biology that is considered "normal" |
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Definition
| biological characteristics (male and female anatomy) determined at birth |
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Definition
| a process by which people develop their human capacities and acquire a unique personality and identity and which a culture is passed from generation to generation |
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Definition
| children learn gender roles as they are taught by parents, schools, and the media |
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Definition
| the belief that womens roles should be confined to the family and that women are not as fit as men for certain tasks or for leadership positions |
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| an identity adopted by those who are uncomfortable in the gender of their birth |
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| has been raised as one sex, while emotionally identifying with the other - surgery |
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Definition
| symbolized by A- partners have strong couple indentity but little sense of themselves as individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| Greek for "love feast" - emphasizes unselfish concern for the beloveds needs even when that requires some personal sacrafice. Nurturing others |
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Term
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Definition
| during infancy and childhood a young person develops a general style of attaching to others |
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Term
| Avoidance Attachment theory |
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Definition
| children who feel uncared for abandoned develop this style. |
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Definition
| persons who gravitate toward relationships with exploitative or abusive partners around whom they organize their lives and they remain strongly committed despite the absence of any identifiable rewards or personal fulfillment for themselves |
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Term
| Sternbergs Theory of Commitment |
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Definition
the decision/commitment component of love consists of 2 aspects, one short term and one long term;
1.the decision that ones loves someone
2. commitment to maintain that love |
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Definition
| complete ove, a kind of love toward which many of us strive, especially in romantic relationships |
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| involves reliance on another or others for continual support or assurance |
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Definition
| a chemical naturally produced in our brains. Acts upon the pleasure center of our brains, powerful feelings |
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| a strong feeling arising without conscious mental or rational effort, which motivates an individual to behave in certain ways. |
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| Greek word meaning love (forms the word erotic) |
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| partners stand virtually alone, self sufficient |
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| "deficient needs" arise from feelings of self doubt, unworthiness and inadequacy |
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involves self reliance and self sufficiency and may imply that the individual functions in isolation from others.
*emphasizes seperation from others |
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| Insecure/anxious attachment style |
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Definition
| same as avoidant attachment style |
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