Term
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Definition
| Teaching reading by first leaching the sounds of each letter and of various letter combinations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Teaching reading by encouraging early use of all language skills--talking and listening, reading and writing.t |
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Term
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Definition
| A public school with its own set of standards that is funded and licensed by the state or local district in which it is loctaed |
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Term
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Definition
| Persmission for a parents to choose the school for the child, with some or all of the cost of that childs education borne by the local government. PArents who have vouchers for their childre often can choose a public or private school, although the specifics vary a great deal from one to another. |
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Term
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Definition
Freuds term for middle childhood, during which children emotional drives and psycosexual needs are quiet (latent).
Freud thought that sexual conflicts from earlier stages are only temporarily submerged, bursting forth again at puberty |
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Term
| Industry versus inferiority |
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Definition
| the 4th of Eriksons 8 psychosocial crisises, during which children attempt to master many skills, developing a sense of themselves as either industrious or inferior, competent or incompetent. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to assess ones abilites, achievements, social status, and other attributes by measuring them against those of other people, especiallly ones peers. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to regulate ones emotions and actions through effort, not simple through natural inclination |
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Term
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Definition
| The capacity to adapt well to significant adversity and to overcome serious stress |
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Term
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Definition
| The legal and genetic relationships among relatives living in the same home; includes nuclear family, extended family, stepfamily, and so on |
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Term
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Definition
| The way a family works to meet the needs of its members. Children need familes to provide basic material necessities to encourage learning, to help them develop self-respect, to nurture friendships and to foster harmony and stability |
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Term
| What do shcool age children Need? |
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Definition
Material necessities (food, clothes, sleep shelter)
Learning (Familes can support encourage and guide education)
Self Respect (Children become self critical and socially aware)
Peer Relationships (Families can welcome friendships)
Harmony and Stability (Families can provide protective, predictable routines) |
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Term
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Definition
| A Family that consists of a father, a mother and their biological children under 18 |
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Term
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Definition
| A family that consists of only one parents and his or her biological children under 18 |
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Term
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Definition
| a family of three or more generations living in one household |
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Term
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Definition
| a family consisting of one man, several wives and the biological children of the man and his wives. |
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Term
| Two factors that interfere with family function |
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Definition
Low income and High conflict
Example: 6 year old spilling milk from "everyone has accidents" vs "We dont have enough money for you to spill milk" |
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Term
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Definition
| The particular habits styles and values that reflect the set of rules and rituals that characterize children as distinct from adult socirty |
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Term
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Definition
| rejected by peers because of antagonistic, confrontational behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| rejected by peers because of timid, withdrawn, and anxious behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to understand social interactions, including the causes and consequences of human behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal, or social attack on a weaker person. |
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Term
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Definition
Someone who attacks others and who is attacked as well.
(Do things that elicit bullying like stealing a bullys pencil) |
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Term
| How bullying can be stopped |
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Definition
everyone in the school must change, not just the bullies
Intervention is more ffective in earlier grades
Evaluation is critical. Programs that appear to be good might actually be harmful |
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Term
| Forces that drive childrens growing interest in moral issues |
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Definition
1. Peer culture, which judges some behaviors as fair and others not.
2.Personal Experience. Both of these typically give shcool children greater exposure to more diverse people and ideas.
3.Empathy, stronger in middle childhood because children are more aware of one another. |
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Term
| Preconventional Moral Reasoning |
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Definition
| Kohlbergs first level of moral reasoning, emphasizing rewards and punishments (children seeking their personal pleasure or pain more than social concerns) |
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Term
| Conventional Moral Reasoning |
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Definition
| Kohlbergs 2nd level of moral reasoning, emphasizeing social rules. (Children see what their parents, their teachers, and their friends do and try to follow suit) |
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Term
| Postconventional Moral Reasoning |
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Definition
| Kohlbergs 3rd level of moral reasoning, emphasizing moral principles. (Uses logic and abstractions, going beyond what is concretely observed in a particular society, willing to question "what is" in order to decide "what should be") |
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Term
| What do children use to justify their moral actions? |
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Definition
| They use their intellectual abilites |
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Term
| Common Values among 6-11 year olds |
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Definition
1.Protect your friends
2. Dont tell adults what is happening
3. Dont be too different from your peers. |
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Term
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Definition
a characteristic of adolescent thinking that leads young people (10-13) to focus on themselves to the exclustion of others.
(leads adolescents to interpret everyone elses behavior as if it were a judgment on them) |
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Term
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Definition
| an aspect of adolescent egocentrism characterized by an adolescents belief that his or her thoughts feelings, and experiences are unique, more wonderful or awful than anyone elses. |
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Term
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Definition
| An adolescents egocentric conviction that he or she cannot be overcome or even harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal, such as unprotected sex, drug abuse, or high speed driving. |
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Term
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Definition
| The other people who, in an adolescents egocentric belief, are watching and taking note of his or her appearance, ideas, and behavior. This belief makes many teens very self conscious. |
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Term
| Formal operational Thought |
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Definition
In piagets theory the 4th and final stage of cognitive development characterized by more systematic logical thinking and by the ability to understand and systematically manipulate abstract concepts
(children balance a scale by hooking weights on the scales arms) |
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Term
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Definition
| Reasoning that includes propsistions and possibilites that may not reflect reality |
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Term
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Definition
Reasoning from a general statement, abstract idea, premise, or principle, through logical steps to figure out specifics.
(Top Down) |
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Term
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Definition
Reasoning from one or more specific experiences or facts to reach a general conclusion. (children accumlatin facts and personal experiences to aid their thought)
(bottom Up) |
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Term
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Definition
| The notion that two netowrks exist within the human brain, one for emotional and one for analytical processing of stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| thought that arises from an emotion or hunch, beyond rational explanations, and is influenced by past experiences and cultural assumptions |
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Term
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Definition
| Thought that results from analysis such as a systematic ranking of pros and cons, risks and consequences, possibilities and facts. Analytic thought depends on logic and rationality. |
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Term
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Definition
| The mistaken belief that if money, time, or effort that cannot be recovered has already been invested in some endeavor, then more should be invested in an effort to reach the goal. Because of the fallacy, people spend money trying to fix a "lemon" of a car or send more troops to fight a losing battle. |
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Term
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Definition
| A common fallacy in which a person ignores the overall frequency of some behavior or characteristic in making decision. For example, a person might bet on a "lucky" lottery number without considering the odds that number will be selected |
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Term
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Definition
| Literally, the period after primary education and before tertiary education (college). It usually occurs from about age 12-18, although there is some variation by school and by nation |
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Term
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Definition
| A school for children in the grades between elementry and highschool. Middle School usually begins with grade 6th and ends at 8th |
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Term
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Definition
| Bullying that occurs when one person spreads insults or rumors about another by means of emails, text messages, or cell phone videos |
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Term
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Definition
| An addictive form of self-mutilation that is most prevalent among adolescent girls and that correlates with depression and drug abuse. |
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Term
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Definition
| an evaluation that is critical in determining success or failure. If a single test determines whether a student will graduate or be promoted its a high stakes test |
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Term
| PISA (Programme for international student assessment) |
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Definition
| an international test taken by 15 year olds in 50 nations that is designed to measure problem solving and cognition in daily life |
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Term
| Identity vs Role Confusion |
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Definition
| Eriksons term for the 5th stages of development, in which the person tries to figure out "who an I?" but is confused as to which of many possible roles to adopt. |
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Term
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Definition
| Eriksons term for the attainment of identity, or the point at which a person understand who he or she is as a unique individual, in accord with past experiences and future plans |
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Term
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Definition
| A situation in which an adolescent does not seem to know or care what his or her identity is |
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Term
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Definition
| Eriksons term for premature identity formation, which occurs when an adolescent adopts parents or societys roles and values wholesale, without questioning or analysis |
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Term
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Definition
| an adolescents choice of a socially acceptable way to postpone making identity-achievement decisions. Going to college is a common example |
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Term
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Definition
| Past parental practices influence adolescent religious identity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most adolescents follow the political traditions of their parents |
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Term
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Definition
| Envisioning oneself as a worker in a particular occupation based on parents roles |
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Term
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Definition
| a persons self-definition as male or female. Starts with a persons biological sex and leads to asuption of gender role, behavior that society considers appropriate for that gender. |
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Term
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Definition
| Petty, peevish arguing. Usually repeated and ongoing |
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Term
| Family closeness (4 aspects) |
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Definition
1.Communication (do family members talk openly with one another?
2. Support (do they rely on one another?)
3.Connectedness (how emotionally close are they?)
4. Control (do parents encourage or limit adolescent autonomy?) |
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Term
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Definition
| Parents ongoing awareness of what their children are doing, where, and with whom. |
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Term
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Definition
| Encouragement to conform to ones friends or contemporaries in behavior, dress, and attitude; usually considered a negative force, as when adolescent peers encourage one another to defy adult authority |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of adolescents made up of close friends who are loyal to one another while excluding outsiders |
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Term
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Definition
| A larger group of adolescents who have something in common but who are not necessarily friends |
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Term
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Definition
| Destructive peer support in which one person shows another how to rebel against authority or social norms |
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Term
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Definition
1. group of friends, exclusively one sex or the other
2. A loose association of girls and boys, with public interations within a crowd
3. small-mixed sex groups of the advanced members of the crowd
4.Formation of couples with private intimacies |
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Term
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Definition
| a term that refers to whether a person is sexually and romantically, attracted to others of the same sex, the opposite sex or both sexes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Feelings of hopelessness, lethargy, and worthlessness that last two weeks or more |
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Term
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Definition
Repeatedly thinking and talking about past experiences; can contribute to depression.
(mentally replaying past experiences, usually unpleasant) |
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Term
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Definition
| thinking about suicide usually with some serious emotional and intellectual or cognitive overtones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any potentially lethal action against the self that does not result in death (cutting/selfharm) |
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Term
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Definition
Several suicides commited by members of a group within a breif period of time
"Honor student kills self" |
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Term
| Life-course persistent Offender |
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Definition
| A person whose criminal activity typically begins in early adolescence and continues throughout life. |
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Term
| Adolescence- Limited Offender |
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Definition
| a person whose criminal activity stops by age 21 |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that each new generation forgets what previous generation learned. As used here, the term refers to knowledge about the harm drugs can do |
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Term
| Concrete Operational Thought |
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Definition
| Pigets term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions |
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Term
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Definition
| the logical principle that things can be organized into groups for categories or classes or according to some characteristic they have in common |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to figure out the unspoken link between one fact and another |
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Term
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Definition
| The component of the information-processing system in which incoming stimulus information is tored for a split second to allow it to be processed |
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Term
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Definition
| The component of the information-processing system in which current conscious mental activity occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The component of the information-processing system in which virtually limitless amounts of information can be stored indefinietly |
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Term
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Definition
| A body of knowledge in a particular area that makes it easier to master new information in that area |
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Term
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Definition
| Mechanisms that combine memory, processing speec, and knowledge to regulate the analysis and flow of information within the information-processing system |
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Term
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Definition
| "Thinking about Thinking" or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task in order to determine how best to accomplish it and then to monitor and adjust ones performance on that task |
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Term
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Definition
The practical use of language that includes the ability to adjust language communication according to audience and context
(A kid talking to a friend vs a teacher) |
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Term
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Definition
The unofficial, unstated, or implicit rules and priorities that influence the academic curriculum and every other aspect of learning in a school.
(Students in gifted classes get the message they are more capable of learning and by implication, that less is expected of the other students) |
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Term
| Progess in international Reading Literacy Study |
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Definition
| Inaugurated in 2001, a planned 5 year cycle of international trend studies in the reading ability of 4th graders |
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Term
| Trends in Math and Science Study |
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Definition
| International assessment of the math and science skills of f4th-8th graders. |
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Term
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Definition
| A US law enacted in 2001 that was intended to increase accountability in education by requiring states to qualify for federal educational funding by administering standardized tests to measure school achievement. |
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Term
| National Assessment of Education Progress |
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Definition
| an ongoing and nationally representative measure of US childrens achievement in readin, math, and other subjects over time. "The nations report card" |
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Term
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Definition
| Teaching reading by first teaching the sounds of each letter and of various letter combinations |
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Term
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Definition
| Teaching reading by encouraging early use of all language skills. Talking, listening, reading and writing. |
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Term
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Definition
| A Public school with its own set of standards that is funded and licensed by the state or local district in which it is located |
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Term
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Definition
| Permission for a parent to choose the school for a child with some or all of the cost of that childs education borne by the local government. Parents who have vouchers for their children often can choose a public or private school |
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Term
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Definition
The period between early childhood and early adolesence. Age 6-11
(Healthiest period of life because of great amount of vaccines given at this age) |
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Term
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Definition
| Children are influenced by peers and many adults, thus, if people they know have good habits, they develop them as well |
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Term
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Definition
Pros: Better overal health, Less Obesity, Appreciation of cooperation and fair play, Improved problem solving abilites, REspect for teamates and opponents of different ethnicities.
Cons: Loss of self-esteem as a result of criticism from teamates or coaches, Injuries, Reinforcement of prejudices (against sex), Increased sress. |
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Term
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Definition
| A persons Weight in kilograms divided by the square if height in meters |
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Term
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Definition
| in a child, having a BMI above the 85th percentile. |
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Term
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Definition
| in a child, having a BMI above the 95th percentile |
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Term
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Definition
| Some are genetically predisposed to having high portion of body fat. More than 200 genes affect weight influencing activity level, food preference, body type and metabolism |
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Term
| Whats relevant in Obesity |
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Definition
| Genes, Parents, and policies |
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Term
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Definition
| A chronic disease of the respiratory system which inflammation narrows the airways from the nose and mouth to the lungs, causing difficulty in breathin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Contemporary children are overprotected (too hygenic) from viruses and bacteria, which means they do not get infections and disease that would strengthen their immune systems |
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Term
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Definition
| The time it takes to respond to a stimulus, either physically or cognitively. |
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Term
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Definition
| Few Schools teach children to count with their fingers, and some teachers forbif it. yet concret operational children learn best when they begin with visible examples. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others |
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Term
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Definition
| a process in which repetition of a sequence of thoughts and actions makes the sequence routine, so that it no longer requires conscious thought. |
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Term
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Definition
| The potential to master a specific skill or to learn a certain body of knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
A test that measure intellectual aptitude or ability to learn in school.
(mental age / chronological age x 100 = IQ ) |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of mastery or proficency in reading, math, writing, science or some other subject |
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Term
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Definition
| The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that human intelligence is comprised of a varied set of abilities rather than a single, all-encompassing one. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Academic (Measure by IQ and achievment tests)
2. Creative (evidenced by imaginative endeavors)
3. Practical (seen in everyday problem solving) |
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Term
| Howard Gardners 7 Intelligences |
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Definition
1. Linguistic
2. Logical
3. Mathematical
4. Musical
5. Spatial
6.Bodily-kinesthetic
7. interpersonal and intrapersonal understanding.
(each associated with a particular brain region |
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Term
| Developmental Psychopathology |
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Definition
| the field that uses insights into typical development to understand and remediate developmental disorders, and vice versa. |
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Term
| 4 Principles of Developmental Psychopathology |
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Definition
1. Abnormality is normal
2. Disability changes year by year
3. Life may be better or worse in adulthood (Blindness vs bi-polar disorder)
diagnosis and treatment reflect the social context (social surrounding may modify or worsen indivdual |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the presence of two or more unrelated conditions at the same time in the same person |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition in which a person not only has great difficulty concentrating for more than a few moments but also is inattentive, impulsive, and overactive |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition characterized by extreme mood swings from quphoria to deep depression, not caused by outside experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| a marked delay in a particular area of learning that is not caused by an apparents physical disability, by mental retardation, or by an unusually stressful home enviroment |
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Term
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Definition
| Unsual difficulty with reading; thought to be the result of some neurological underdevelopment. |
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Term
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Definition
| a developmental disorder marked by an inability to relate to other people normally, extreme self-absorption, and an inability to acquire normal speech. |
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Term
| Autistic spectrum Disorder |
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Definition
| Any several disorders characterized by inadequate social skills, impaired communication, and unusual play. |
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Term
| Least restrictive enviroment |
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Definition
| Legal requirment that children with special needs be assigned to the most general educational context in which that can be expected to learn |
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Term
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Definition
| an educational strategy intended to help children in early grades who demonstrate below average achievement by means of special intervention. |
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Term
| Individual Education Plane IEP |
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Definition
| a document that specifices educational goals and plans for a child with special needs |
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