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| appeal to popular opinion |
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| appeal to pity; specifically generosity and mercy |
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| Presenting the opponent's view in a manner that is easily torn apart |
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| attacking the person instead of their argument |
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| using, specifically, negative language that attacks a person |
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| Ad Hominem, Circumstantial |
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| purporting that a person's bias prevents them from establishing a valid argument. Sometimes called "Poisoning the Well" |
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| answering a charge with a countercharge |
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| "missing the point" - disconnect between the premise and conclusion given. |
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| "does not follow" - conclusion simply does not follow from the premises. |
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| Something is true because you cannot prove it false. |
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| appeal to inappropriate authority. (perhaps an authority not on the subject being discussed) |
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| Non causa, pro causa - false cause |
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| taking something that ins't the cause, is the cause. Correlation vs. causation. |
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| Post hoc ergo propter hoc |
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| because something happens chronologically after another, it must be the cause |
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| other bad things will follow if we do this one thing. |
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| Overgeneralization/Converse Accident |
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| what is true for some atypical case is true for all cases. or what is true for one case is true for all cases |
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| assuming that what is true for typical cases of a certain type is also true for some atypical case. When assuming something is true-overextending a truth. |
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| question asked presupposes an answer to the real issue at stake. Trying to pry an answer from someone by backwardly implying that answer. |
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| "Begging the Question" assuming the truth of what one seeks to prove. Restating the "truth" in the conclusion from the premises. Circular argument. |
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| When the same word or phrase is used with two or more meanings in the same assertion. Re-using one word more than once. |
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| when one of the statements in an argument has more that one plausible meaning because of the loose or awkward way in which the words in that statement have been combined. GRAMMATICAL. Interpretation could go more than one way. |
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| when a shift of meaning arises within an argument as a consequence of of changes in the emphasis given to its words or parts. |
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| reasoning from attributes of the individual elements/parts to attributes of the collection/parts of a whole. |
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| When one reasons mistakenly from the attributes of a whole/totality to the attributes of its parts/individual elements. |
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