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| Misrepresenting someone's argument to make it easier to attack. |
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| Presuming that a real or perceived relationship between things means that one is the cause of the other. |
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| Asserting that if we allow A to happen, then Z will consequently happen too, therefore A should not happen. |
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| Attacking you opponent's character or personal traits in an attempt to undermine their argument. |
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| Manipulating an emotional response in place of a valid or compelling argument. |
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| Presuming that because a claim has been poorly argued, or a fallacy has been made, that it is necessarily wrong. |
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| Avoiding having to engage with criticism by turning it back on the accuser - answering criticism with criticism. |
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| Saying that because one finds something difficult to understand that it's therefore not true. |
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| Saying that the burden of proof lies not with the person making the claim, bit with someone else to disprove. |
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| Using double meanings or ambiguities of language to mislead or misrepresent truth. |
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| Using the opinion or position of an authority figure, or institution of authority, in place of an actual argument. |
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| Assuming that what's true about one part of something has to be applied to all, or other, parts of it. |
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| Moving the goalposts to create exceptions when a claim is shown to be false. |
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| Asking a question that has an assumption built into it so that it can't be answered without appearing guilty. |
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| Believing that 'runs' occur to statistically independent phenomena such as roulette wheel spins. |
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| Appealing to popularity or the fact that many people do something as an attempted form of validation. |
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| Making what could be called an appeal to purity as a way to dismiss relevant criticisms or flaws of an argument. |
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| Judging something good or bad on the basis of where it comes from, or from whom it comes. |
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| Making the argument that because something 'natural' it is therefore valid, justified, inevitable, good, or ideal. |
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| Using personal experience or an isolated example instead of a valid argument, especially to dismiss statistics. |
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| Where two alternative states are presented as the only possibility, when in fact, more possibilities exist. |
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| A circular argument in which the conclusion is included in the premise |
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Definition
| Cherry-picking data clusters to suit an argument, or finding a pattern to fit a presumption. |
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Definition
| Saying that a compromise, or middle point, between two extremes is truth. |
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