Term
Formal Logic
Appeal to probability |
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Definition
| Takes something for granted because it would probably be the case (or might be the case) |
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Term
Formal Logic
Argument by fallacy |
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Definition
| Assumes that if an argument for some conclusion is fallacious then the conclusion itself is false |
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Term
Formal Logic
Base rate Fallacy |
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Definition
Making a probability judgement based on conditional probabilities, without taking into account the effect of prior probabilities
- The false negative rate: If the camera scans a terrorist, a bell will ring 99% of the time, and it will fail to ring 1% of the time.
- The false positive rate: If the camera scans a non-terrorist, a bell will not ring 99% of the time, but it will ring 1% of the time.
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Term
Formal Fallacies
Conjunction fallacy |
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Definition
assumption that an outcome simultanieously satisfying multiple conditions is more probable than an outsome simultaneously satisfying multiple conditions is more probable than an outcome satisfying a single one of them
Which is more probable?
- Linda is a bank teller.
- Linda is a bank teller and is active in the feminist movement.
(Might help to ask, what is least possible) |
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Term
Formal Fallacies
Masked Man Fallacy |
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Definition
The substitution of identical designators in a true statement can lead to a false one
- Premise 1: I know who X is.
- Premise 2: I do not know who Y is.
- Conclusion: Therefore, X is not Y.
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Term
Propositional Fallacies
satisfy-----and,or,not, only if, if and only if |
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Definition
| Affirming the consequent - A or B; therfore not B |
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Term
Propositional Fallacies
Affirming the consequent |
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Definition
| If A, then B; B therefore A |
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Term
Propositional Fallacies
Denying the antecedent |
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Definition
| if A, then B; not A, therefore not B |
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Term
Quantification Fallacies
Qualifiers of the premise are in contradiction to the quantifier of the conclusion
Existential Fallacy
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Definition
| An argument has a universal premise and a particular conclusion |
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Term
Formal syllogistic fallacies
Logical Fallacies that occur in syllogism
Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise |
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Definition
| when a categorical syllogism has a positive conclusion, but at least one negative premise |
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Term
Formal syllogistic Fallacies
Fallacy of exclusive premises
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Definition
| A categorical syllogism that is invalid because both of its premises are negative |
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Term
Formal syllogistic Fallacies
Fallacy of four terms
(quaternio terminorum) |
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Definition
| a categorical syllogism that has four terms |
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Term
Formal syllogistic Fallacies
Illicit major |
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Definition
| a categorical syllogism that is invalid because its major term is not distributed in the major premise but distibuted in the conclusion |
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Term
Formal syllogistic Fallacies
Illicit Minor |
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Definition
| a categorical syllogism that is invalid because its minr term is not distibuted in the minor premise but distributed in the conclusion |
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Term
Formal syllogistic Fallacies
Negative conclusion from affirmative presises (illicit affirmative) |
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Definition
| when a categorical syllogism has a negative conclusion but affirmative premises |
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Term
Formal syllogistic Fallacies
Fallacy fo the undistributed middle |
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Definition
| the middle term in a categorical syllogism is not distributed |
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Term
Informal fallacies
Argument from Ignorance |
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Definition
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