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Fall Semester Final Exam Review
review for 7th grade life science fall semester exam
104
Science
7th Grade
12/07/2005

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Cards

Term

a control group, an experimental group and a variable

____________.

Definition
scientific method: a controlled experiment includes__
Term
find another explanation for what has been observed.
Definition

 

When hypothesis is found to be unsupported, the scientist usually tries to

Term
International System of units
Definition
Based on the number 10 and gives scientists a common way to share results
Term
Hypothesis
Definition
an educated guess about what will happen-usually written in "If. . ., then. . . " format
Term
variable
Definition
Scientists try to design experiments that will clearly show whether a particular _________________ was the cause of an outcome.
Term
test the hypothesis
Definition
scientific method: After forming a hypothesis, you should____________________________.
Term
analyzing results
Definition
organizing your data into tabels and graphs for comparison and doing calculations to learn more about your results.
Term
conclusion
Definition
the step of the scientific method that includes the hypothesis and whether the hypothesis was supported or not by the experiment.
Term
experimental, control
Definition
In order to be certain about the conclusions of an experiment, scientists should have as many individuals as possible in both the ______________ group and the ________________ group, and repeat experiment several times.
Term
light, stage, and tube with lens
Definition
three main parts of the compound light microscope
Term
volume
Definition
The amount of space something occupies. To measure a liquid, use a graduated cylinder.
Term
mass
Definition
The amount of matter that makes up an object. Measured in grams and with a balance (triple beam balance).
Term
area
Definition
the amount of surface an object has. Measured in meters.
Term
37 degrees Celcius or 98.6 degrees Farenheit
Definition
normal body temperature
Term
Independent variable (what he is testing) is the different types of antibacterial soaps. The dependent (what he is measuring) is the amount of bacterial growth. Controls (same between the groups) would be same hands, the time the hands were washed.
Definition
Henry wants to test the effects of different antibacterial soaps on the growth of bacteria. What are the independent, dependent and control variables in his experiment?
Term
Independent is different kinds of music. Dependent is the test scores. Control variables are the test taken, age of students (7th grade), the other factors of the environment in which the test is taken.
Definition

A study was done to see if listening to different kinds of music affected the test scores of 7th grade students. What would the variables be in this experiment?

 

Term
Hair pulled back. No dangling jewelry or dangling clothing (sleeves). No open-toed shoes. Gown (apron), gloves, and goggles
Definition

 

Lab rule for appropriate dress in lab.

Term
When entering lab, don't touch, taste, or smell anything until teacher gives permission to do so.
Definition

 

First rule of lab at Second Baptist Middle School

 

Term
Cells
Definition
Structures that contain all of the materials for life. Sometimes specialized for particular functions,and found in all organisms
Term

All living things are made of cells.

All living things have DNA.

All living things reproduce.

All living things grow and develop.

All living things sense and respond to change.

All living things use energy.

Definition
six characteristics of living things
Term
stimulus
Definition
a change in an organism's environment that affects the organism's activities
Term
homeostasis
Definition
Maintaining a stable internal environment. Examples: maintaining a body temperature of 37 degrees C, blood sugar, blood pressure of 120/80mmHg
Term

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid

Definition

 the molecule in the cell that contains the instructions for the organism. Tells the cell how to make proteins. Located in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

 

Term

move materials into and out of the cell,

make or break down food (glucose),

and make new cells.

Definition
organisms need energy for what three activities
Term
air, water food, living space
Definition

four basic necessities of life?

 

Term
producers
Definition
make their own food. Examples: plants, algae, and some bacteria.
Term
consumers
Definition
get their food by consuming other organisms. Examples: animals
Term
decomposers
Definition
get their food by breaking down the remains of dead organisms - release enzymes that breakdown organism - absorb nutrients into their cells. Examples: bacteria and fungi
Term
single-celled organisms
Definition
organisms made of one cell. These cells live independently of other cells. Simple organisms. Examples: Bacteria (prokaryotic cells) and some protists (eukaryotic cells)
Term
Multicellular organisms
Definition
organisms made of more than one cell. More complex organisms with tissues, organs, and organ systems specialized for particular functions. Examples: plants and animals
Term
mnemonic device for the 8 levels of classification:  domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Definition

 

Did King Phillip Come Over For Grape Soda?

Term
Carlos Linnaeus
Definition
scientist:  founded the science of taxonomy -the science of naming organisms
Term

 

greek or latin - the scientific name includes the genus and species name. Example: Tyrannosaurus rex or T.rex means tyrant lizard king.

Definition

In what languages are scientific names written?

What two levels of classification does the scientific name include.

What does Tyrannosaursus rex mean?

Term
dicotomous key
Definition
a process/key used to identify organisms by working through pairs of descriptive statements and their alternative responses.
Term
over the opening (light) on the stage.
Definition

When placing a slide on the stage of a microscope, where should the slide be?

 

Term
coarse adjustment knob (microscope)
Definition
the adjustment knob used to bring the slide into focus using the low power objective lens.
Term
fine adjustment knob
Definition
the adjustment knob used to bring the slide into focus when using high power objective lens.
Term
food chain, food web, or energy pyramid
Definition

 

energy moves through an ecosystem and can be represented in what three ways.

 

Term
levels of the energy pyramid
Definition
base of the pyramid is producers, above producers are herbivores, above herbivores are omnivores, above omnivores are carnivores.
Term
symbiosis
Definition
relationship in which two different species live very closely together,at least one organism benefits: 1. mutualism - both organisms benefit 2. parasitism - one organism benefits, the other is harmed by the relationship. 3. commensalism - one organism benefits, the other is unaffected.
Term
the flow of energy in an ecosystem
Definition
the arrows in a food chain or food web show the flow of what in an ecosystem?
Term
biotic
Definition
the living parts of the environment- competition, predation, and symbiosis are types of biotic relationships.
Term
decrease
Definition

When a population grows larger than its carrying capacity, limiting factors in the environment will cause the population to ________________.

 

Term
evaporation
Definition

 

The sun's heat causes water to change from a liquid to a gas during this process.

Term
living space, sunlight, water
Definition
what might trees in a forest compete for?
Term
A food chain shows one possible energy pathway from one organism to the next. A food web shows many possible energy pathways and overlapping food chains.
Definition

 

Explain the difference in a food chain and a food web.

Term
the flow of energy in an ecosystem
Definition
What do the arrows in a food chain or food web represent?
Term

symbiosis: 3 kinds

mutualisms - both organisms benefit

commensulism - one organism benefits the other is unaffected

parasitism - one organism benefits, the other is harmed (host)

Definition
a close living relationship in which at least one organism benefits.
Term
1. protons - positively charged, located in the nucleus 2. neutrons- no charge, located in the nucleus. 3. electrons - negatively charged, located in electron cloud outside of the nucleus
Definition

 

3 subatomic particles of an atom

Term

unstable atom

chemical bonds

Definition
an atom that has 1-7 electrons in the outer shell of the electron cloud is considered an _____________ atom.  When atoms are unstable, they tend to form ______________ ______________.
Term
compound
Definition
formed when 2 or more atoms of different elements chemically bond.
Term
covalent bond
Definition
a chemical bond formed when atoms share electrons in the outer shell.
Term
ionic bond
Definition
a chemical bond formed when atoms lose or gain electrons in the outer shell. These bonds form ions.
Term
nucleotides
Definition
subunits (smaller molecules) that make up nucleic acids
Term
complex carbohydrates
Definition

When a marathon runner eats pasta the night before a race, he is storing energy from what kind of carbohydrate?

 

Term
amino acids
Definition
What are the subunits proteins? Examples: enzymes, hormones
Term
covalent bonds
Definition
what kind of bonds form the water molecule?
Term

C6H12O6

6 carbons, 12 hydrogens, 6 oxygens

Definition
chemical formula for glucose and ratio of elements that form it.
Term
because they have the same number of protons (positive charges) as electrons (negative charges)
Definition
Why do all atoms begin nuetral?
Term

1. All organisms are made of one or more cells.

2. Cells are the basic unit of life.

3. All cells come from existing cells.

Definition
what are the 3 parts of the cell theory?
Term

 

prokaryotic cells have no nucleus, have circular DNA, and are bacteria. Eukaryotic cells are more complex with membrane covered organelles and linear DNA.

Definition
describe the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Term
Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts. Animal cells have centrioles. All other organelles are the same.
Definition

difference in plant and animal cells

 

Term
Robert Hooke
Definition
scientist:  first to see cells under the microscope - looking at tree bark - called them "cells" because they looked like 'tiny rooms".
Term
live, grow, and reproduce.
Definition

3 things organelles enable a cell to do.

 

Term
nucleus
Definition
central control organelle, contains DNA or blueprint for life - tells the cell how to make the proteins.
Term
protein (enzyme)
Definition
Almost all of life processes involve some kind of _______________________.
Term
ribosome
Definition
smallest, most abundant organelle - where proteins are made in the cell. Amino acids are hooked together at the ribosome.
Term
cell membrane
Definition
made of phospholipds and proteins - gatekeeper of the cell - controls what goes into and out of the cell.
Term
cell wall
Definition
made of cellulose, found in plant cells.
Term
mitochondria
Definition
the powerhouse of the cell - breaks down food molecules (glucose) to release energy (ATP). This is where cellular respiration takes place.
Term
vacuole
Definition
large membrane covered organelle that holds water and other particles for the cell. Large ones hold water in plant cells.
Term
[image]
Definition
Where are the parts ofan animal cell located?
Term
[image]
Definition
where are the parts of a plant cell located?
Term
diffusion
Definition
when particles or molecules are moved through a membrane from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. Water and oxygen diffuse through phospholips. Glucose and amino acids diffuse through protein doorways (facilitated diffusion). Does not require energy
Term
active transport
Definition
Process by which particles or molecules are moved through a membrane from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration, going against the concentration gradient. Requires energy.
Term
osmosis
Definition
the diffusion of water through phospholipids. When wilted celergy is soaked in water, it becomes crisp again due to osmosis, the water moving back into the cells.
Term
osmosis
Definition
the diffusion of water through phospholipids. When wilted celergy is soaked in water, it becomes crisp again due to osmosis, the water moving back into the cells.
Term
equilibrium
Definition
when the concentration of molecules is equal on both sides of the membrane, diffusion stops. This is called equilibrium.
Term
endocytosis
Definition
when a cell membrane surrounds a particle, encloses it in a vesicle, and engulfs the particle into the cell
Term
exocytosis
Definition
when vesicles are formed around particles or molecules at the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi complex and they are transported to the cell membrane for export outside of the cell. The vesicle fuses with the cell membrane, the cell membrane then opens to release the particles.
Term

photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O + light = C6H12O6 + 6O2

Definition
means putting together with light. Occurs in the choloroplasts of plants. Absorb and convert sunlight into chemical energy by making glucose with water and carbon dioxide. What is the chemical equation?
Term

cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 = 6H2O (+ 36 ATP)

Definition
Occurs in the mitochondria. Uses oxygen to break down glucose for energy (ATP). One molecule of glucose yields 36 ATP. This is an aerobic process because it uses oxygen to breakdown glucose. Know the equation.
Term
lactic acid fermentation
Definition
breaks down glucose for energy (2 ATP) without the use of oxygen in the cell - anaerobic process. This occurs when there is not enough available oxygen in humans - lactic acid build up in muscles causes sore muscles. Also occurs in bacteria - added to milk, lactic acid makes yogurt.
Term
alcohol fermentation
Definition
Anaerobic process that breaks down glucose to yield ATP (2). Carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol are the products. Yeast use alcohol fermentation. The carbon dioxide gas causes our bread to rise before baking.
Term

biotic - all of the living organisms in an environment

abiotic - all of the non-living factors in an environment such as rock, sand, air, water, etc.

Definition
describe the difference between biotic and abiotic factors in an environment.
Term

exothermic

cellular respiration, lactic acid fermentation, and alcohol fermentation

Definition
a process that releases energy or heat. Name 3.
Term

endothermic

photosynthesis

Definition
a process that stores energy.
Term

Intracellular is the space inside the cell.

Extracellular is the space outside the cell.

Definition
Difference between intracellular and extracellular.
Term
chromosome
Definition
organized structures of DNA - humans have 46 chromosomes in each cell.
Term
homologous pairs of chromosomes
Definition
a pair of chromosomes that have similar information on them (hair color) but not necessarily the identical gene (brown or blonde).
Term
mitosis
Definition
the second stage of the cell cycle in which one diploid cellis copied and produces 2 identical diploid cells. This is the process by which organisms grow and repair tissues.
Term
meiosis
Definition
a process of cell division that occurs in the reproductive system of sexually reproducing organisms. One diploid cell is copied once, but divides twice producing 4 haploid gamete cells (egg or sperm)
Term
each chromosome makes one copy. This copy along with the chromosome become two chromatids attached at the centromere.
Definition

 

 

how many copies does each chromosome make during interphase in the cell cycle?

Term
one pair becomes four chromtids
Definition

 

after duplication, how many chromatids are there in a pair of homologous chromosomes?

 

Term
2 stages - 4 phases - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.
Definition

 

In meiosis, how many stages? How many phases in each stage? Name the phases in order

Term
in asexual reproduction only one parent cell (diploid) is needed and divides into two (diploid) cells. In sexual reproduction, two parent (haploid) gamete cells combine to form the new organism (diploid cell.
Definition

 

difference in sexual and asexual reproduction.

 

Term
gamete cells
Definition
haploid cells formed during meiosis for sexual reproduction. Female gamete sex cell is an egg. Male gamete sex cell is a sperm.
Term

haploid cells have half the number of chromosomes .(one of each homologous pair)

diploid cells have a full set of chromosomes.

Definition
difference in haploid and diploid cells
Term
producer
Definition
at what level of the food chain would algae in an ecosystem occur?
Term
biosphere
Definition
the part of the Earth where life exists
Term
population
Definition
a group of organisms of the same species living in the same place at the same time.
Term
community
Definition
a group of organisms of different species living in the same place at the same time.
Term
[image]
Definition
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