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| Reasons for European exploration |
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Definition
| Europeans wanted to increase their country’s wealth through mercantilism, spread their religion, increase their country’s power, find an all-water route to Asia for the spice trade |
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| series of wars where European Christians fought Muslims in the Holy Lands; the European Christians lost; Europeans were exposed to Asian goods that led to an increase in trade and exploration |
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| system in which a mother country gains wealth by having a colony; the resources of the colony are used by the mother country in order to produce more, which means they can export more than they import |
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| an economy based on competition, profit, private property, and economic freedom (capitalism) |
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| founding of Jamestown, Virginia |
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| 1607; colony started on the James River by the Virginia Company of London; colonists were looking for gold (none there); colony almost failed until they started growing tobacco |
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| people who left England because they wanted to separate from the Church of England; they settled in Plymouth, Massachusetts for religious freedom |
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| document written by the Pilgrims; established majority rule and self-government; helped create basis for representative government in America |
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| people who left England because they had wanted to purify, or reform, the Church of England; they settled the colony of Massachusetts |
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| first representative assembly in America; at Jamestown, Virginia |
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| representative government |
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Definition
| government in which people elect others to make decisions on their behalf |
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| Fundamental Orders of Connecticut |
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| document that extended voting rights to non-church members; contributed to the growth of representative government |
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| Characteristics of New England colonial region (who settled there, climate, economy, crops) |
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Definition
| settled for religious reasons (Puritans); long winters and rocky soil, economy based on fishing, timber, and shipping; subsistence farming (farming only enough for your family) |
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| Characteristics of Middle colonial region (who settled there, climate, economy, crops) |
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Definition
| more diversity among the region; Quakers who taught equality and freedom of religion; artisans and craftsmen from Germany; good soil and medium-growing season; economy based on farming and trade; grains were the main crops (“breadbasket”) |
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| Characteristics of Southern colonial region (who settled there, climate, economy, crops) |
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| settled mostly for economic gain; fertile soil and long growing season; economy based on plantations; crops were tobacco, rice, indigo |
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| Founding of the following colonies: Massachusetts,Pennsylvania,Georgia |
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| founded by English for religious reasons,founded by William Penn who received a large section of land as repayment from the king,founded by James Oglethorpe as a refuge for debtors, also used as a military outpost by the English government |
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| founder of Pennsylvania; he contributed to the growth of representative government by allowing the bottom three counties of Pennsylvania to have their own assembly, which became the colony of Delaware |
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| Reasons for the use of African slaves in the Southern colonial region |
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Definition
| Native Americans were not easily used as slaves because they were dying of European diseases and could escape because they knew the land and had nearby friends or relatives; Africans were immune to the diseases and already knew how to farm; indentured servants who had worked on the plantations left as soon as their contracts were fulfilled (usually 7 years) |
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| first document that limited the power of the English king |
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| gave more rights to English citizens; said that England would be based on laws made by Parliament |
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| England’s law-making assembly; they allowed the American colonists to have self-government but began imposing strict laws and taxes after the French and Indian War |
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| established freedom of the press in the colonies (John Peter Zenger won his trial for publishing negative remarks about New York’s governor) |
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| English philosopher during the Enlightenment; said that all men have natural-born rights that cannot be taken away; his ideas inspired Thomas Jefferson when he wrote the Declaration of Independence |
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| movement in the 1700s that emphasized knowledge, reason, logic, science, natural-born rights |
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| movement in the American colonies in the 1700s; emphasized religion, God, good works; new churches were started during this time |
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| Enlightenment thinker; inventor; publisher |
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| idea by Ben Franklin during the French and Indian War; he proposed that the 13 colonies should all unite to help Britain defeat the French and Indians (“Join or Die”) |
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| Results of French and Indian War |
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Definition
| France lost all land east of the Mississippi River, including control of Canada; the American colonists expected to move onto newly acquired lands since they were British citizens, but the colonists were banned from moving west of the Appalachians; Britain had a large amount of debt from the war |
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| Geographic results of French and Indian War (as set forth in the Treaty of Paris 1763) |
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| Britain gets all land east of the Mississippi River; Spain gets land west of the Mississippi River |
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| law passed by Parliament that said the colonists could not settle west of the Appalachian Mountains; Britain did not want to have to pay for the costs of defending the colonists from Indian attacks in the Ohio River valley area |
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| British economy after French and Indian War |
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Definition
| Great Britain owed a large debt due to the costs of the French and Indian War. Because the war was fought in and for the colonies, the British wanted the colonies to share the cost of paying off the war debt. This caused the British parliament to pass certain laws that imposed taxes on goods being shipped to, and out of, the 13 Colonies, and laws aimed at saving money such as the Quartering Act. |
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| in the spring of 1770, after being verbally and physically assaulted by a group of Boston youths and dockworkers, several British soldiers fired on their attackers, killing 5 citizens. The event was labeled the Boston Massacre by the Sons of Liberty and used as propaganda to gain colonial support for resistance to tightening British control. |
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| An African American sailor who was killed in the Boston Massacre. His death escalated colonial resistance to tightening British controls. |
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| The British monarch during the American Revolution and the events that led to the conflict. |
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| A British law that placed a tax on sugar, molasses, and other products shipped to the colonies. It also called for harsh punishment for smugglers. |
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| A British law that required all legal documents (wills and contracts) and commercial documents (newspapers) to carry an official stamp showing that a tax had been paid. |
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| Sons of Liberty/forms of protest |
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Definition
| A secret society to formed to oppose British colonial policies. The Sons of Liberty often used boycotts of British goods and physical violence against British customs officials as forms of protest against British policies. |
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| A leader of the Boston Sons of Liberty who led colonial resistance to British colonial policy. |
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| A lawyer who successfully defended the soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre. He was the cousin of Samuel Adams and would go on to be a leading defender of colonial rights. |
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| Wife of John Adams. She acted as an advisor to her husband and was one of the first advocates for women’s rights, such as suffrage. |
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| A British policy that remained in affect after a colonial boycott successfully forced parliament to repeal the taxes imposed by the Townshend Acts. It placed a tax on tea. |
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| Boston Tea Party (including its results) |
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Definition
| In response to the Tea Act, the Boston Sons of Liberty, dressed as Native Americans, boarded 3 British cargo ships and dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston harber. |
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Term
| Intolerable Acts (including their results) |
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Definition
| In response to the Boston Tea Party, Parliament passed a series of laws called the Coercive Acts but they were referred to by the colonists as the Intolerable Acts. This series of laws meant to punish the Massachusetts colony and serve as a warning to the other colonies. The Intolerable acts closed the port of Boston until Bostonians paid for the tea they had destroyed, banned committees of correspondence, allowed Britain to house soldiers wherever they pleased, and let British officials accused of crimes in the colonies stand trial in Britain. |
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| No taxation without representation |
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Definition
| This was the slogan adopted by the colonies expressing their chief complaint against British policies. They resented being taxed by Parliament when they were not allowed to send colonial representatives to the group of lawmakers. |
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| A 1774 meeting between delegates from all the colonies except Georgia. At the meeting they decided to ban all trade with Britain until all the Intolerable Acts were repealed. They also agreed to begin training state militia groups. |
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| Published Common Sense, which became one of the most influential works of literature during the revolutionary period. In the pamphlet, Paine said that it was common sense for America to completely break with Great Britain. |
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| A vocal member of the Virginia House of Burgesses who spoke out against British Colonial policy and famously said, “Give me liberty or give me death” |
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| The first two battles of the Revolutionary War. Paul Revere made a famous ride to warn patriots that the British were on their way to Lexington and Concord. |
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| A petition drafted by the 2nd Continental Congress that sent to King George III asking him to restore peace between Great Britain and the colonies. It was rejected by the king. |
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Term
| Declaration of Independence |
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Definition
| Passed by the continental congress on July 4, 1776 in Philadelphia, this document declared the United States a separate and independent nation. |
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| Wrote the original draft of the Declaration of Independence and was an influential statesman from Virginia. |
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| Rights, mentioned in the Declaration of Independence, that cannot be taken away. As stated in the Declaration, these rights are the right the life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. |
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| A female activist before and during the American Revolution. Her popular writings served as propaganda against British rule. |
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| general of the Continental Army (Americans) |
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| French nobleman who came to America to fight under George Washington; used his own money to supply the troops |
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| American who fought the most famous naval (sea) battle against the British |
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| Spanish governor of the Louisiana Territory; helped America by preventing the British from entering through the Southwest |
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| Benjamin Franklin’s role in war |
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Definition
| went to France in order to get support from the French government |
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| Saratoga (and why it was the turning point of the war) |
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| battles in New York; Americans won here, which showed the world that Americans could do well against the British, so France officially gave its support to America |
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| town in Pennsylvania where Washington and his troops spent a terrible winter; many died from freezing and starvation; this winter came to represent the hardships faced by American troops and their endurance |
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| guerilla warfare (and progression of the war to the South) |
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Definition
| style of fighting that uses hit-and-run tactics, ambush, surprise; used in the South by the Americans |
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| last major battle of the Revolutionary War; British troops under General Lord Cornwallis were surrounded by Americans on land and the French navy in the bay; Britain surrendered |
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| Treaty of Paris of 1783 (including borders of U.S.) |
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Definition
| 1. United States is independent nation, 2. U.S. borders are Mississippi River on west, British Canada on north, and Spanish Florida on South |
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Term
| Articles of Confederation (including their weaknesses) |
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Definition
| first government of the United States; the national government was very weak under the Articles of Confederation; the national government could not collect taxes or enforce national laws; states had more power |
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| one of the only successful laws passed by the national government during the Articles of Confederation era; this law established an orderly pattern for the westward growth of the U.S.; a territory can apply for statehood when it reaches 60,000 people. Its most important provisions was that it outlawed slavery in the Northwest Territory. |
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Term
| Constitutional Convention (why they met) |
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Definition
| to create a better plan for the nation’s government; met in Philadelphia in 1787; George Washington was president of the Convention; James Madison wrote large parts of the Constitution |
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| plan at the Constitutional Convention that created a two-house Congress in order to please both large and small states: the House of Representatives is based on a state’s population and the Senate is an equal number (2) per state |
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| plan that determined how to count slaves for the purposes of representation and taxation; for every 5 slaves, 3 would be counted as population |
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| Anti-federalists (including their call for Bill of Rights) |
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Definition
| people who did not support ratification of the Constitution; they feared that it created too strong of a national government which could lead to tyranny; they said it needed a Bill of Rights to protect individuals |
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| Federalists (in regards to ratification of the Constitution) |
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| people who supported ratification of the Constitution |
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| series of essays written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay in order to defend the Constitution and offer reasons why it should be ratified |
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| 7 Principles of the Constitution |
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| 1. Popular Sovereignty (the government’s power comes from the people); 2. Republicanism (people elect representatives); 3. Federalism (power is shared between a national, or federal, government and state governments); 4. Separation of Powers (there are three branches of the government: legislative, executive, judicial); 5. Checks and Balances (each branch can exercise control over the other branches); 6. Limited Government (the government must follow the Constitution); 7. Individual Rights (people have personal liberties and privileges) |
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| Process of amending the Constitution |
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Definition
| 2/3 of states call for a national convention to propose an amendment; 3/4 of state legislatures must approve the amendment for it to be ratified |
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| Bill of Rights (including how it addresses grievances listed in the Declaration of Independence) |
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Definition
| first ten amendments to the Constitution; it states liberties and rights that belong to individuals, including those that the Americans felt like the British king had taken away (ex: 3rd Amendment address the quartering of soldiers) |
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| freedom of religion, speech, press, petition, assembly |
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| 5th Amendment (“due process”) |
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Definition
| establishes rights of a person on trial; says that the government must follow the proper legal procedures |
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| Alexander Hamilton’s 3-part financial plan for the U.S. |
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Definition
| 1. Pay off the Revolutionary War debts; 2. Raise government revenues through tariffs; 3. Establish a national bank |
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| Washington’s foreign policy and view of political parties |
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Definition
| stay neutral in regards to foreign wars; do not split into political parties |
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| Domestic and Foreign issues faced by Washington |
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Definition
| Domestic: Whiskey Rebellion, which he handled by sending troops to stop the rebelling farmers; Native Americans fighting in the Northwest Territory, which he handled by sending troops to stop the Natives. Foreign – war between France and Britain, of which he declared U.S. neutrality |
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| Issues leading to political parties (national bank, interpretation of the Constitution, Britain/France) |
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Definition
| Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson had opposite views on the national bank, interpreting the Constitution, and the French Revolution. Jefferson held a strict construction of the Constitution, which meant the government could only do what is expressly stated in the Constitution. Hamilton held a loose construction of the Constitution, which meant he used the necessary and proper clause to allow the government to do other things, such as create a national bank. |
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| Defining characteristics of Democratic Republicans |
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Definition
| (Jefferson and Madison): against the national bank, favored a strict interpretation of the Constitution; supported the French Revolution and the French in its war with Britain; wanted an economy based on agriculture |
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| Defining characteristics of Federalists |
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Definition
| (Hamilton and John Adams): for the national bank, favored a loose interpretation of the Constitution; supported Britain in its war with France; wanted an economy based on manufacturing |
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| taxes on imported goods; tariffs raise money for the government and encourage people to buy American-made products and supports American manufacturing |
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