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| The biological and anatomical differences distinguishing females from males |
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| Social expectations about behavior regarded as appropriate for the members of each sex |
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| The learning of gender roles through social factors such as schooling, the media, and family |
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| Social Construction of Gender |
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Definition
| The learning of gender roles through socialization and interaction with others |
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| The dominance of men over women |
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| The inequality between men and women in terms of wealth, income, and status |
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| Women holding occupations of lower status and pay, such as secretarial and retail positions, and men holding jobs of higher status and pay, such as managerial and professional positions |
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| The concentration of men and women in different occupations |
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| Argument that individuals make investments in their own "human capital" in order to increase their productivity and earnings |
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| Policies that attempt to remedy the gender pay gap by adjusting pay so that those in female-dominated jobs are not paid less for equivalent work |
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| A promotion barrier that prevents a woman's upwrd mobility within an organization |
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| The making of unwanted sexual advances by one individual toward another, in which the first person persists even though it is clear that the other party is resistant |
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| The forcing of nonconsensual vaginal, oral, or anal intercourse |
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| A sociological perspective that emphasizes the centrality of gender in analyzing the social world and particularly the uniqueness of the experience of women |
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| Form of feminist theory that believes that gender inequality is produced by unequal access to civil rights and certain social resources, such as education and employment, based on sex |
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| Form of feminist theory that believes that gender inequality is the result of male domination in all aspects of social and economic life |
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| A strand of feminist theory that highlights the multiple disadvantages of gender, class, and race that shape the experiences of nonwhite women |
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| Feminist perspective that challenges the idea of a unitary basis of identity and experience shared by all women |
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| The skills taught to children of multiracial families to help them cope with racial hierarchies and to integrate multiple ethnic identities |
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| Cultural values and norms that distinguish the members of a given group from others |
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| Differences in human physical characteristics used to categorize large numbers of individuals |
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| The process by which understandings of race are used to classify individuals or groups of people |
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| Ethnic identity that is chosen for the moment based on the social setting or situation |
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| Ethnic identity that is retained only for symblolic importance |
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| The attribution of characteristics of superiority or inferiority to a population sharing certain physically inherited characteristics |
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| Patterns of discrimination based on ethnicity that have become structured into existing social institutions |
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| Forms of thought and/or practice that seek to confront, eradicate and/or ameliorate racism |
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| The holding of preconcieved ideas about an individual or group, ideas that are resistant to change even in the face of new information |
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| Behavior that denies to the members of a particular group resources or rewards that can be obtained by others |
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| Thinking in terms of fixed and inflexible categories |
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| The transferring of ideas or emotions from their true source to another object |
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| Individuals or groups blamed for wrongs that were not of their doing |
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| A group of people in a minority in a given society who, because of their distinct physical or cultural characteristics, find themselves in situations of inequality within that society |
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| The system of racial segregation established in South Africa |
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| The systematic, planned destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group |
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| The creation of ethnically homogeneous territories through the mass expulsion of other ethnic populations |
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| The practices of keeping racial and ethnic groups physically separate, thereby maintaining the superior position of the dominant group |
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| The acceptance of a minority group by a majority population, in which the new group takes on the values and norms of the dominant culture |
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| The idea that ethnic differences can be combined to create new patterns of behavior drawing on diverse cultural sources |
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| A model for ethnic relations in which all ethnic groups in the United States retain their independent and separate identities, yet share equally in the rights and powers of citizenship |
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| Ethnic groups exist separately and share equally in economic and political life |
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| The movement of people into one country from another for the purpose of settlement |
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| The movement of people out of one country in order to settle in another |
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| The dispersal of an ethnic population from an original homeland into foreign areas, often in a forced manner or under traumatic circumstances |
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| A group of individuals related to one another by blood ties, marriage, or adoption, who form an economic unit, the adult members of which are responsible for the upbringing of children |
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| A relation that links individuals through blood ties, marriage, or adoption |
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| A socially approved sexual relationship between two individuals |
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| A family group consisting of a wife, a husband (or one of these), and dependent children |
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| A family group consisting of more than two generations of relatives living either within the same household or very close to one another |
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| The families into which individuals are born |
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| The families individuals initiate through marriage or by having children |
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| A family system in which the husband is expected to live near the wife's parents |
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| A family system in which the wife is expected to live near the husband's parents |
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| A form of marriage in which each married partner is allowed only one spouse at any given time |
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| A form of marriage in which a person may have two or more spouses simultaneously |
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| A form of marriage in which a man may simultaneously have two or more wives |
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| A form of marriage in which a woman may simultaneously have two or more husbands |
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Definition
| The process by which children learn the cultural norms of the society into which they are born |
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| Personality Stabilization |
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Definition
| According to the theory of functionalism, the family plays a crucial role in assisting its adult members emotionally |
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Definition
| The belief in romantic attatchment as a basis for contracting marriage ties |
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| A family in which at least one partner has children from a previous marriage, living either in the home or nearby |
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Definition
| Two people living together in a sexual relationship of some permanence, whithout being married to one another |
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| Traits of behavior or attitudes that are learned at school but not included within the formal curriculum--for example, gender differences |
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| The advantages that well-to-do parents usually provide their children |
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| Dividing students into groups that receive different instruction on the basis of assumed similarities in ability or attainment |
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| Disparity on a number of educational measures between the performance of groups of students, especially groups defined by gender, race, ethnicity, ability, and socioeconomic class |
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Term
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Definition
| Level of intellectual ability, particularly as measured by IQ (intelligence quotient) tests |
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| IQ (intelligence quotient) |
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Definition
| A score attained on tests of symbolic or reasoning abilities |
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Term
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Definition
| The thesis that black students do not aspire to or strive to get good grades because it is perceived as "acting white" |
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Term
| Abstract and Concrete Attitudes |
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Definition
| Abstract attitudes are ideas that are consistent with mainstream societal views, while concrete attitudes are ideas that are based on actual experience |
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| People who draw from both their home culture and mainstream culture to create an attitude that allows them to succeed |
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| The differences between women and men, especially as reflected in social, political, intellectual, cultural, or economic attainments or attitudes |
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| Idea that when African American students belive they are being judged not as individuals but as members of a negatively stereotyped social group, they will do worse on tests |
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Definition
| Knowledge of a local community, possessed by individuals who spend long periods of their lives in it |
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Term
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Definition
| Forms of communication, such as newspapers, magazines, radio, and television, designed to reach mass audiences |
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Definition
| The transmission of information from one individual or group to another |
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Definition
| The means by which people communicate in modern societies, the most prominent component of which is the mass media--movies, television, radio, videos, records, magazines, and newspapers |
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Definition
| A notion associated with Marshall McLuhan, who believed that the world has become like a small community as a result of the spread of electronic communication |
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Definition
| An idea associated with Jean Baudrillard, who argued that as a result of the spread of electronic communication, there is no longer a separate "reality" to which TV programs and other cultural products refer |
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Term
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Definition
| Interaction between individuals who are not physically in one another's presence--for example, a telephone conversation |
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Term
| Mediated Quasi-Interaction |
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Definition
| Interaction that is one-sided and partial--for example, a person watching a television program |
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Term
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Definition
| A global system of communication operating through satellite links, radio, and TV transmission, and telephone and computer links |
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Definition
| Electronic networks of interaction between individuals at different computer terminals |
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Definition
| The "information poor" are those people who have little or no access to information technology, such as computers |
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