the inability to recognize faces or distinguish between faces

face blindness

intact: ability to percieve parts and visually see parts of faces - can have perfect vision (pure vision is unimpaired), can recognize other objects

missing: can't percieve the whole

individual identification

emotion recognition

locus of attention

facial attractiveness

age and sex

lip reading

 YES SPECIAL : scoial functions

innate (baby expriment...like 2 dots over 1)

NO SPECIAL : see them a lot

learned experts (greeble experiment)

idea that hippocampus serves as a "grandmother cell", and is active when you see anythign to remember someone

how are faces typically processed and examined?

experimental evidence too

we notice the eyes and mouth first, then move to the perimeter

we prefer faces that are right side up and percieve them as faces and their differences quicker (experimental - inversion effect with upside down faces "thatcherized faces")

experimental - use eye tracker to record what the eyes look at when looking at a face

moves from featural to configural (eyes/mouth to perimeter)

inversion effect:

def

empirical examples

underlying factors

def: Slide 14 .O {font-size:149%;} much poorer accuracy and longer reaction time when faces are upside down

empirical examples: thatcherized faces - takes longer to recognize differences when faces are inverted upside down

underlying factors: when inverted we have configural processing, harder to do featural processing and notice featural differences

cataracts: percieve configural worse than featural, but still follow the inverted effect trend; however, in configural there is a lesser difference compared to adults or controls - because they are deprived of normal face processing, they notice features before they notice the spacing in features

propospagnosia:  those with propos. have a quicker inverted reaction time, which is opposite of normal (congenital is worse than acquired, b/c its from birth); - this is because they do not have configural abilities, so they notice featural differences quicker

monkey with temporal lobe taken out cannot identify an object when commanded to "pick black pen", etc- temporal lobe is responsible for identity (what) - the ventral pathway

monkey with a parietal lobe taken out cannot identify where an object is, so parietal lobe is responsible for location perhaps (where) - the dorsal pathway

EX: the old lady with carbon monoxide poisioning could not line up a card with a slot (damage to the ventral pathway), but could put the card in the slot

the where now becomes the how in the dorsal stream, providing information how to direct action in reguard to a stimulus as opposed to where

constructing surfaces and objects in 3D space

figure vs. ground

law of perceptual organization

gestalt psychology

 (9 laws)

law of pragnaz/simplicity/good figure

law of similarity

law of good continuation

law of proximity

law of common fate

law of familiarity

law of common region

law of elemental connectedness

principle of synchrony

convexity - not always clear

area - what's around it

orientation - vertical/horizontal tend to be thought of as the ground

familiarity

symmetry

by using low mid and high level vision to do it

organize it initially by it's parts with law of gestalt psychology, analyze it in its surroundings like figure vs ground, in order to establish a full perception of the object in high level vision identification...enabling you to definte the object

- our eyes can be tricked : occlusion and illusory contours (changing stimulus a little, makes us percieve something different)

-culture: different cultures percieve things different ways

the process of seeking out and focusing on stimuli that are of interest in a way that causes these features to become more deeply processed than those features that are not receiving our attention

ways to experimentally study it: dichotic listening task, cocktail party effect (not really studying), inattentional blindness studies

in inattentional it is required

in dichotic it can go either way (depending on what the subject is listening to)

in coctail party it is similar to dichotic and can go either way

binding problem is the question of asking how all the physically different neural signals combine in order to make one coherent perception

in her theory, in the preattentive stage the perceived features of an objectare separated but then focusing on it triggers focused attention stage where features are combined for a coherent perception

popout - when one feature is different

conjunction - where features are combined

popout is easier than conjunction...in conjuncion you must filter through the features

cuing attention - giving people a cue where a target will appear in the visual field

-cue can be manipulated to be a valid, neutral, or invalid cue

it happens inbetween the detection and recognition stages

Broadbent: input-detection-filter-recognition

Attenuation: input - detection - attenuator- recognition

they will detect at the quartermark of the half they can percieve

...they are told to divide it in half, but they only see half...so they divide at the half mark of the half they see (which is the quarter of what we see)

the experience of a chromatic color such as red, green, yellow, blue or combinations of these

the actual color (dependent on wavelength)

physical intensity of the light

is the area under the curve

determined by the amplitude of the wave

the amount of hue present in a light

based on variance in wavelength

the smaller the variance, the higher the saturation

remember the color solid

color can change by hue, saturation, and brightness all at the same time...makes many options

hue = mean

brightness = amplitude (area under curve)

saturation = variance

univariance problem...why do we need more than one photoreceptor?

caused by cerebral cortex trauma or brain damage

causes the person to not be able to percieve any color...only black and white (see the world in shades of gray)

color blindness

characterized by protonopes, deuteronopes, and trionopes...faults in 1 type of cone receptor

protonope: absence of long receptor

deuteronope: absence of medium receptor

tritanope: absence of short receptor

brain must compare responses of different cone types to infer wavelength

2 wavelengths producing same response in one cone type will produce different patterns of responses across three cone types

evidence: metamers!

4 color words instead of 3 to describe sensations

primaries arranged in opposing color paires that are never described together (like reddish green and bluish yellow)

There are 3 physiological elements that are excited or inhibited dependent on the wavelength of light (excited: white, red, yellow; inhibited: black, green, blue)

...similar to center-surround receptive fields

viewing nearby objects causes inward movement of the eyes

ocular motor cue

change in lens shape when focusing at varying distances

ocular motor cue

one object is hidden by another, so the hidden object is seen as farther away

pictoral monocular cue

objects whose bases are higher in the field of view are farther away (relative to horizon)

pictoral monocular

closer objects take up more field of view

pictoral monocular

parallel lines converge as they move away from the observer

pictoral monocular cue

judging the distance of objects based on our knowledge of the size of those objects

pictoral monocular

objects in the distance seem less sharp and slightly blue (due to particles in the air)

pictoral monocular

as distance increases objects appear more dense/closely packed

pictoral monocular cue

give indications about the location of objects and relative location to other objects

pictoral monocular cue

closer objects move more quickly past us than objects that are further away

movement based monocular

occlusion in motion...object moving in front of another is seen as closer to an observer

movement based monocular

there's a difference in the images on the left and right eyes...have 2 separate but related pictures, giving information about perceived depth

binocular cue

impression of depth from binocular vision; difference in the position of images of the same objecton the retinas of two eyes

binocular cue

visual angle of the image of an object on the two retinas

the farther the object is from the horopter, the greater the angle of disparity

crossed : in front of horopter whose images move out on the retinas

uncrossed: objects beyond horopter that move inward on the retinas

Ponzo and Ames room illusion explanations

ponzo: the line on top should appear smaller b/c of the linear convergence of the tracks...but it actually appears larger b/c of this linear convergence

ames room:  girl on left is farther away, therefore perceived smaller