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Definition
- increase in factor leads to stimulus sent to brain in order to decrease factor
- ex. CO2 increases --> cells depolarize --> brain signals to increase respiration to decrease CO2 |
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Definition
- increase in factor leads to stimulus sent to brain and factor is increased further, pushing variable further from set point
- ex. blood clotting, child birth, disease, action potential |
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Definition
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Definition
Sodium moves ____ cell.
Its concentration gradient is ____ outside than inside. |
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Definition
Potassium moves ____ cell,
Its concentration gradient is ____ outside the cell than inside. |
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Definition
Calcium moves ____ cell.
Its concentration gradient is ____ outside than inside. |
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Definition
Cloride moves ____ cell.
Its concentration gradient is ____ outside than inside. |
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Term
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Definition
- net transport of a non-electrolyte (uncharged) occurs only in the presence of a concentration gradient.
- no net flux at equilibrium |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
J = (-D)x A x delta C/ delta D
J=flux
D=diffusion coefficient/permeability
delta C/ delta D= difference in gradients
A=area of exit/enter |
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Term
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Definition
| Flux is ____ porportionate to: area, diffusion coefficient and concentration gradient. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flux is ____ propportionate to: distance. |
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Term
| high permeabilities through membranes using simple diffusion |
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Definition
- hydrophobic (O2, N2)
- small, uncharged polar molecules (H2O, urea, CO2) |
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Term
| small, uncharged polar molecules with high permeability through simple diffusion |
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Definition
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Term
| low permeability through simple diffusion |
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Definition
- large, uncharged polar molecules (glucose)
- ions (H+, Cl-, Na+, K+) |
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Term
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Definition
- simple diffusion
- channel-mediated
- carrier-mediated |
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Term
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Definition
- causing a solute to move against its concentration gradient
- requires energy |
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Term
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Definition
- solute uses mechanism to go against concentration gradient
- ex: Na+/K+ channels |
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Term
| secondary active transport |
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Definition
- one solute establishes gradient by primary active, then another solute goes against gradient
- does not use ATP |
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Term
| ATP powered pump, ion channel, transporter |
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Definition
List from fastest to slowest:
- ion channel
- ATP powered pump
- transporter |
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Term
| carrier mediated transport |
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Definition
| - exhibits competition and saturation |
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Term
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Definition
| - can establish a concentration gradient |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
- always passive
- higher than expected permeability |
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Definition
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Definition
| - movement of water across semipermeable membrane down its concentration gradient |
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Definition
| ____ = moles of osmotically active solute/volume = osmoles/liter of solution |
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Definition
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Definition
| increase in osmolarity ____ freezing point but ____ the boiling point. |
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Definition
| - same concentration of solutes/water |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| - minimum pressure which prevents movement of pure water into a solution when separated by a membrane permeable to water but not a solute. |
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Term
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Definition
- cell volume is inversely proportionate to concentration of impermeable solutes
- predicts how cell volume will change |
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Definition
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Definition
| - sodium plus its anions chloride and bicarbonate |
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Definition
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Definition
- cell swells
- high water concentration/low solute concentration in solution |
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Definition
- cell shrinks
- low water concentration/high solute concentration in solution |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| - innervates skeletal muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| - sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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Term
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Definition
- cell type in the CNS
- immune |
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Term
| oligodendrocytes and schwann cells |
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Definition
- cell type in CNS
- myelin |
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Term
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Definition
- cells in the nervous system
- part of blood brain barrier |
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Term
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Definition
- can be afferent (spinothalamic) or efferent (corticospinal)
- made up of axons (myelinated or nonmyelinated) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
a. dendrites
b. soma/cell body
c. axon hillock
d. axon
e. terminal bouton |
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Definition
Parts of Neuron:
a. input = ____
b. protein synthesis and metabolism = _____
c. lowest threshold for generation of an action potential = _______
d. transmission of action potential = ______
e. exocytosis of neurotransmitters = ____ |
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Term
| concentration gradient of ions |
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Definition
| Creation of a resting membrane potential requires a _______ ______ of ____ across a semipermeable membrane. |
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Term
1. concentration gradient
2. electrical gradient |
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Definition
Ions respond to 2 forces
1. _____
2. _____ |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| (K+) Potassium equilbrium |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| False! The absolute refactory period is the interval during which a second action potential absolutely cannot be initiated, no matter how large a stimulus is applied. The relative refactory period is when membrane potential is hyperpolaized because potassium channels open. |
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Definition
| T/F: The absolute refactory period is when membrane potential is hyperpolarized because potassium channels are open. |
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Term
| ECF (Cl- wants to move INTO the cell) |
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Definition
The concentration of Cl- is higher in:
-ICF
-ECF
-Same in both |
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Term
| Chloride, IPSP is considered inhibitory when the resulting change in membrane voltage makes it more difficult for the cell to fire an action potential. |
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Definition
Opening a ___ channel will cause an Inhibitory PostSynaptic Potential.
- Potassium
- Chloride
- Sodium
- Magnesium |
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Term
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Definition
Opening a ___ channel will cause an Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential.
- Potassium
- Chloride
- Sodium
- Magnesium |
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Term
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Definition
Efflux of ____ ion will cause a IPSP.
- Potassium
- Chloride
- Sodium
- Magnesium |
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Term
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Definition
| Increasing the amount of intracellular ___ in relation to the extracellular, will cause the IPSP to become excitatory. |
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Term
convergence, without spatial summation --> subthreshold
With spatial summation --> reach action potential threshold |
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Definition
spatial summation requires:
- convergence
- divergence
- both |
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Term
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Definition
Closing of ___ or ___ channels will create an IPSP response.
- Chloride
- Potassium
- Sodium
- Calcium |
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Term
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Definition
the driving force for the net transport of ____ is ONLY the concentration gradient.
- glucose
- Na
- K
- Ca |
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Term
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Definition
An increase in the concentration gradient ____ flux.
- increases
- decreases
- does not affect |
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Term
Distance
Flux = -Distance(Area)(concentration gradient aka permeability) |
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Definition
Flux decreases when ____ increases.
- area
- distance
- concentration gradient
- permeability |
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Term
| Secondary Active Transport (Na establishes gradient) |
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Definition
If the transport of molecule X decreases in the absence of ECF sodium, then transport is via:
- channels
- simple diffusion
- secondary active transport
- exocytosis |
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Term
| False. Adequate stimulus is the stimulus that is sufficient enough to elicit a response in an excitable tissue. |
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Definition
| T/F: The adequate stimulus is whatever stimulus that can depolarize a sensory receptor. |
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Term
| increases afferent Action potential frequency |
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Definition
An increase in stimulus intensity:
- increases afferent AP frequency
- activates additional sensory efferents
- activates larger receptive fields
- increases sensory acuity |
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Term
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Definition
which of the following transport mechanisms does NOT require membrane proteins?
- channels
- simple diffusion
- secondary active transport
- facilitated diffusion |
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Term
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Definition
Which of the following neurotransmitters would MOST likely cause an IPSP?
- acetylcholine
- glutamate
- GABA
- glucose |
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Term
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Definition
Opening a ___ channel will cause an EpSp.
- K
- Cl
- Na
- Mg |
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Term
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Definition
The transport of ____ is MOST likely to involve facilitated diffusion.
- Na
- urea
- Glucose
- Potassium |
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Term
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Definition
Which of the following solutions is isotonic?
- 9% NaCl
- 1% NaCl
- .7% naCl
- .9% NaCl + urea |
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Term
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Definition
| T/F: pain is mainly sensed when other sensory receptors are overstimulated. |
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Term
microglia
- schwann cells in PNS
- astrocytes in blood-brain barrier
- oligodendrocytes in CNS |
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Definition
This type of cells is a scavenger cell in the CNS:
- microglia
- schwann cell
- oligodendrocyte
- astrocyte |
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Term
| Oxygen because it's an ion |
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Definition
which of the following is the LEAST permeable across the lipid bilayer?
- urea
- chloride
- O2
- H20 |
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Term
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Definition
| T/F: A single EPSP always results in an action potential. |
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Term
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Definition
Depolarization ____ the activation gate on the sodium channel.
- opens
- closes
- does not affect |
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Term
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Definition
Which axon will propogate the action potential faster?
- thin non-myelinated
- Thick non-myelinated
- thin myelinated
- thick myelinated |
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Term
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Definition
the transmission of ____ is always passive.
- water
- Na
- K
- amino acids |
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Term
stay the same
K+ moves out of cell bcuz its ICF > ECF, if you increase ECF K+ would stay in the cell and stay the same |
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Definition
if you increase ECF K+, resting membrane potential will:
- depolarize
- hyperpolarize
- not change |
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Term
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Definition
the part of the action potential when membrane potential is returning towards resting membrane potential is called:
- depolarization
- hyperpolarization
- repolarization
- overshoot |
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Term
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Definition
If molecule L is transport against its CG, then transport is via:
- primary active
- secondary active
- either |
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Term
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Definition
repolarization _____ the inactivation gate on the sodium channel.
- opens
- closes
- does not affect |
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Term
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Definition
a decrease in membrane permeability to sodium:
- hyperpolarizes
- depolarizes
- does not affect |
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Term
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Definition
| T/F: if you block sodium channels with local anesthetics, then you block action potentials. |
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