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F08 Micro Final
Physical and Chemical Control of MO
43
Other
Professional
10/04/2008

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Term
Routes of transmission
Definition
_____ __ ______ may be either by direct contact with infectious lesions, saliva or blood or indirect contact with contaminated fomites.
Term
direct
Definition
Needle sticks are an example of _____ contact.
Term
indirect
Definition
Spatter of blood, saliva or nasopharyngeal secretions directly onto skin or mucosa, aerosols and fomites are examples of _____ contact.
Term
Asepsis
Definition
_____ is the absence of infection or infectious organisms or agents.
Term
Universal, Standard
Definition
____ precautions is when you treat all patients as potentially infectious and applying same infection control protocols to all. This was replaced with _____ precautions where you treat all patients and all body fluids (except sweat) as potentially infectious.
Term
Sanitization
Definition
_____ is the use of chemicals to reduce the numbers of bacteria on inanimate surfaces to levels considered safe for public health.
Term
Pasteurization
Definition
_____ is the use of brief exposures to moderately high temperatures to reduce the numbers of viable microbes and eliminate human pathogens.
Term
62.8 degrees, 30 minutes
Definition
Pasteurization occurs at ___.__ degrees Celsius for ____ minutes.
Term
Preserve food
Definition
Pasteurization, canning, refrigeration, freezing, dessication and radiation are all way to ______ ____.
Term
food preservatives
Definition
Salt, sugar, acids and nitrates/nitrites are all ____ ____.
Term
Most, least
Definition
Bacterial endospores and prions are the ____ resistant whereas vegetative bacterial cells, enveloped viruses, yeasts and fungal spores are the ____ resistant.
Term
A, C, B, D
Definition
Put the following in order from LEAST resistant to MOST resistant:
a. vegetative bacterial cells, enveloped viruses, yeasts and fungal spores
b. bacterial endospores
c. hepatitis B virus, non-enveloped viruses, mycobacterium tuberculosis and pseudomonas
d. prions
Term
antimicrobial agents
Definition
Penicillin, detergents and alcohol are all _______ ______ that affect the cell wall.
Term
detergents, penicillin
Definition
_____ act as surfactant and make cells leaky whereas _______ prevents cross-linking in peptidoglycan and damages cell wall.
Term
1. interfere with protein and nucleic acid synthesis (chloramphenicol, tetracycline, mutagens)
2. alter protein function
3. damages cell walls
4. damages cell membrane
Definition
List 2 of the 4 ways that antimicrobial agents work.
Term
chloramphenicol and tetracycline
Definition
________ and ________ block protein synthesis by binding to ribosomes.
Term
mutagens
Definition
_____ interfere with nucleic acid synthesis.
Term
coagulation
Definition
Antimicrobial agents can disrupt or denature proteins causing ______.
Term
1. cell wall
2. cell membrane
3. cellular synthetic processes (DNA, RNA)
4. proteins
Definition
List the 4 cellular targets of physical and chemical agents.
Term
replication and transcription
Definition
Some antimicrobial drugs, radiation, formaldehyde and ethylene oxide prevent ______ and _______.
Term
microbicidal and microbistasis/static
Definition
_____ means to kill microbes whereas _____ means to prevent growth and replication of microbes.
Term
Microbial death
Definition
_____ _____ is permanent loss of reproduction capability, even under optimum growth conditions.
Term
1. # of microbes
2. nature of microbes in population
3. temperature and pH of environment
4. concentration/dosage of agent
5. Mode of action of agent
6. presence of solvents, organic matter or inhibitors
Definition
List 4 of the 6 factors that affect the death rate of microbes.
Term
False! It is harder to remove bacteria in blood or saliva.
Definition
T/F: It is easier to remove bacteria when it is in blood or saliva.
Term
1. does the application require sterilization?
2. is the item reusable?
3. can the item withstand heat, pressure, radiation or chemical?
4. is the method suitable?
5. will the agent penetrate to necessary extent?
6. is the method cost and labor efficient?
7. is it safe?
Definition
List 3 of the 7 practical concerns when selecting methods for microbial control.
Term
physical control.
Definition
Heat (dry or moist), cold, desiccation, radiation and filtration are all methods of ______ _____.
Term
Moist heat, dry heat
Definition
____ heat uses lower temperature and shorter exposure time with pressure and it denatures or coagulates proteins whereas ____ heat uses moderate to high temperatures without pressure, utilizes dehydration and alters protein structure or incinerates object.
Term
True!
Definition
T/F: Bacterial endospores usually require temperature above boiling to die.
Term
121 degrees C, 15 psi, 15 minutes; 160 degrees or 170 degrees
Definition
Moist heat under pressure uses ____ degrees C, ___ psi and ____ minutes whereas dry heat uses either ____ degrees C for 2 hours or _____ degrees C for 1 hour.
Term
Unsaturated chemical vapor
Definition
_____ _____ _____ uses 131 degrees C, 20 psi and 30 minutes.
Term
flash
Definition
134 degrees C for 3 minutes in moist heat and 375 degrees C for 6-12minutes in dry heat are _____ temps.
Term
1. gravity displacement
2. prevacuum or porous load
Definition
List the 2 methods for air evacuation in a steam sterilizer.
Term
boiling water
Definition
____ ____ at 100 degrees C for 30 minutes to destroy non-spore forming pathogens is a type of disinfection.
Term
pasteurization
Definition
In _______, heat is applied to kill potential agents of infection and spoilage without destroying the food flavor or value. It kills non-spore forming pathogens and lowers overall microbe count, but does not kill endospores or most nonpathogenic microbes.
Term
False! Moist heat: 121C Dry heat: 160-170C
Definition
T/F: Dry heat uses lower temperatures than moist heat.
Term
False! Dry heat does not dull cutting edges or cause corrosion, but moist heat does.
Definition
T/F: Dry heat sterilization dulls cutting edges and causes corrosion.
Term
True!
Definition
T/F: Moist heat sterilization has good penetration, but dry heat does not.
Term
Chemical sterilization
Definition
____ sterilization uses alcohol, formaldehyde, ketone, acetone and water.
Term
desiccation
Definition
_____ is the gradual removal of water from cells leading to metabolic inhibition. It is not an effective microbial control because many cells retain ability to grow when water is reintroduced.
Term
lyophilization
Definition
_____ is freeze drying; a preservative.
Term
ionizing radiation
Definition
____ _____ has deep penetrating power that has sufficient energy to cause electrons to leave their orbit, breaking DNA. Used to sterilize food and medical supplies.
Term
ionizing radiation
Definition
Gamma rays, x-rays and cathode rays are all types of _____ _____.
Term
filtration
Definition
_____ is the physical removal of microbes by passing a gas or liquid through a filter. It is used to sterilize heat sensitive liquids and air in hospital isolation units and industrial clean rooms.
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